Music Baritone Sax

The History of the baritone saxophone was very interesting to research giving that I have played this beautiful instrument for 4 years. Finding a little more about the history of this beautiful instrument was a very interesting time. The baritone saxophone features a low pitch. It is a single reed instrument that is made from brass and has a tapered conical bore. Despite the baritone's low pitch, its music is written in treble clef instead of bass clef. In modern music, the baritone saxophone is usually the largest sax featured in contemporary ensembles alongside its more common cousins, the alto and the tenor saxophone.The saxophone was invented in 1841 by Belgian manufacturer and instrument maker Adolphe Sax. His intent was to create a new instrument that would fill the gap between the loud woodwinds and the brass instruments. In 1844, Sax introduced his saxophone to the public during the Paris Industrial Exhibition. In February of that year, Berlioz conducted a concert that perfor med his choral work, â€Å"Chant Sacre,† which featured segments that included the new saxophone. Near the end of 1844, the saxophone enjoyed a successful orchestra debut in Georges Kastner's opera â€Å"Last King of Juda† at the Paris Conservatory.Adolphe Sax obtained his original patents in 1846 for the baritone variation of the saxophone along with thirteen of its cousins, including the tenor, bass, alto, contrabass and sopranino saxophones. The following year, the first saxophone school was opened at the Gymnase Musical, a military band school. Ten years later, Adolphe Sax wanted to share his love and knowledge of music, so he took on a professorship at the Paris Conservatory. â€Å"Also, in 1866, Sax's patents expired, leaving the way open for the Millereau Co. o obtain patents for their own variation of the saxophone that featured a forked F sharp key†. In 1881, Adolphe Sax extended his patent for the baritone sax and other variations, and made changes to the design of the instruments. In response to its growing popularity, Gus Buesher was the first person in the United States to build a saxophone in 1885. Over the next few years, the baritone and other variations underwent more design changes, â€Å"such as the addition of the right hand C trill key and the invention of the single octave key†.Adolphe Sax died in 1894, but his legacy lived on when his son, Adolphe Edouard, continued his life's work. During the 1900s, the baritone saxophone enjoyed increasing popularity, and was incorporated into Jazz bands and other musical formats. It was also used in classical compositions, but rarely for orchestral music. Notable orchestral exceptions include Richard Strauss's â€Å"Symphonia Domestica† of 1903 and Charles Ives's â€Å"Symphony no. 4,† composed from 1910 through 1916. Famous musicians who played the baritone sax include Harry Carney, Pepper Adams, Valentin Alvarez, Bruce Kapler, Lou Marini and LeRoi Moore. â⠂¬  In conclusion the Baritone Sax is a beautiful instrument that should be appreciated. Giving such a beautiful tone. By far the baritone sax is my favourite saxophone giving it shape, color, quality of tone and pitch, and allowing a player to have the control to play with dynamics. I hope you have learned alittle more about my instrument thank you.

Critically assess the role of management accountants

Assessed Work Coversheet Assessment Code: MGT3930 Due Date: 23 February 2015 Chart of Antecedent com/aaimagestore/essays/1574795.002.jpg"/> Introduction This paper argues that the development of the function of direction comptrollers ( MAs ) from the 1990s to 2013 is both necessary and ineluctable. This is because traditionally, MAs perform independently without any cross-functional interaction with other sections. Furthermore, MAs were non involved in any strategic planning or determination devising procedure for the administration. Hence, there is a demand for the alteration in the function of MAs based on subjects such as decentralization of MAs, debut of new techniques, promotion in accounting engineering and administration civilization. The demand for an evolvement in MAs As stated by Simon et Al, 1954, MAs were ab initio centralised in central offices concentrating on supplying relevant informations to the relevant parties. They were non actively involved in organisation’s operations, therefore they were ever deemed as an foreigner to administration ( Golembieski, 1964 ) . However, due to rapid development in the planetary concern environment, the traditional function of MAs had to germinate. This was because the traditional function was excessively simplified to be used in the new complex environment ( Golembieski, 1961 ) , as traditionally they are merely focus in informations entry and score-keeping. Therefore, they are deemed as an foreigner to the administration. As stated in Golembieski, 1961, if administrations continued to follow traditional function of MAs, its operation theoretical account would lose its effectivity and efficiency compared to its rivals using the new function where they play a more pro-active function in administration. The passage from centralization to decentralization Once, MAs are centralised because they are ever stationed in central offices, they are proficient and focused on the fiscal facets of the histories with small understanding on how it may impact the operations. Besides that, MAs were besides involved in score-keeping activities, attention- directing and problem-solving ( Simon et al, 1954 ) . They perform independently without cross-functional interaction with other sections. Furthermore, MAs were non involved in any strategic planning or decision-making procedure for the administration. Hence to retain their competitory border in the complex environment, administrations have to slowly follow the new function of the MAs. The new function allows the MAs to go more pro-active in operations as they will be decentralised to assorted concern units ( Golembieski, 1964 ) . The decentralizations of MAs let them to understand the units’ operation better, therefore enabling MAs to take part actively in decision-making facets that will better the efficiency of the unit. It is besides good for administration as it encourages more interaction and closer propinquity between director and comptroller, which reduces misconstruing between the MAs and director ( Pierce & A ; O’Dea, 2003 ) . Therefore, MAs will go more accessible and knowing about the operations, which in bend makes the directors more willing to accept their accounting study ( Pierce & A ; O’Dea, 2003 ) . Hence, MAs are able to derive more legitimacy from directors. The decentralization of MAs is farther amplified in Granlund & A ; Lukka, 1998. It is seen as a cardinal component in bettering the function of MAs. It can be labelled as a national norm for administrations in Finland holding to follow towards decentralized staff maps. This was one of the first marks of an development of the function of MAs. However, all signifiers of development comes with obstructions and challenges. The first was the at odds function for MAs who are decentralised and those who are located at central offices. Based on Hopper, 1980, there was a given that lower and in-between direction believed that the comptroller should execute a service-oriented function. This implied that directors at the subdivision wanted their Ma to play a service function regardless of their structural place as required by the concern environment. For those MAs centralised in central offices, their chief function was to be a book-keeper. These book-keepers prioritize information to upper direction as they are really bureaucratic. They were merely interested in clear publicity way. Whereas for those decentralised in assorted subdivisions, they are more service-oriented. These MAs identified the service provided to take down and middle direction as their precedence. This implies that there are less hierarchical control but it encourages more horizontal communicating and legitimacy ( Hopper, 1980 ) . Having two positions of the same functions created confusion within administration and therefore greater uncertainnesss. Furthermore, as stated by Hopper, 1980, some traditional comptrollers are unwilling to do the alteration as they do non desire to drop down the hierarchy. Furthermore, fiscal informations could be manipulated before making central offices due to less cheque and balance involved and greater interaction between MAs and subdivision directors, leting them to work together to pull strings the histories. Resolution of confusion through ABC In order to work out the confusion, the legitimacy of the new function had to be built. This was in the signifier of the activity-based costing ( ABC ) system. Hence, Friedman & A ; Lyne, 1997, emphasized the importance of MAs to follow the ABC. ABC is a method that examines the relationship between cost, activities and merchandise before apportioning the resources. Hence, it is of import to hold high grade of interaction between MAs and the subdivisions. ABC allows MAs to better understand the subdivision operations and to advance better determination devising when being compared with MAs that employed traditional techniques such as standard costing and discrepancy costing ( Kaplan & A ; Johnson, 1988 ) . This allows MAs to break apportion fiscal resources to the subdivisions. Since execution of the ABC, MAs have more cross-functional coaction with the subdivisions which lead to better accounting informations for determination devising ( Friedman & A ; Lyne, 1997 ) . Furthermore, it improves the relationship between MAs and subdivisions, which increases the legitimacy of the new MAs’ function. Most significantly, administration can break pull off their cost. The execution of the new ABC techniques has besides allowed the function of direction comptroller to germinate throughout the old ages from traditional bean counter to going more strategically and operationally focused. Hence, MAs now non merely necessitate to analyze its ain cost construction but besides do rivals analysis ( Bromwich, 1990 ) . Furthermore, MAs must be able to see the costing together with the demand from market ( Bromwich, 1990 ) . Most significantly, MAs must be able to mensurate their value-add against the rivals. This new accomplishments which are a requirement to the new function of an MA will let administrations to come out with effectual schemes against their rivals. Another challenge faced in the development of the function was the new accomplishments required.In order to keep their new functions, MAs are now expected to hold both fiscal and concern direction accomplishments ( Yazdifar & A ; Tsamenyi, 2005 ) . However, there is a deficiency of persons who can suit the function and it can be more dearly-won to enroll and develop MAs ( Sathe, 1983 ) . Promotion of engineering As the complexness of the universe increases, one of the most of import push factors for the farther development of the functions was the promotions of engineering in the universe which led to the development and debut of the Enterprise Resource Planning System ( ERPS ) . With it, MAs are able to concentrate more on complex activities such as coming up with schemes from fiscal informations ( Granlund & A ; Malmi, 2002 ) . The ERPS system integrates all informations and procedures of the concern map, enabling MAs to construe assorted public presentation indexs and demo the relationships between indexs rapidly ( Scapens, 2004 ) . Hence, leting MAs to help direction with scheme and runing determination in existent clip. With ERPS, the basic accounting work can be done more expeditiously. This is because it integrates assorted facet of the concern into a individual information system ( Granlund & A ; Malmi, 2002 ) . MAs can besides utilize real-time information provided by the ERPS to do determinations rapidly in the new fast moving concern environment ( Byrne & A ; Pierce, 2007 ) . This ERPS has farther allowed MAs to germinate into a specialized adviser. However, it meant that even more accomplishments and cognition were required to prolong the new function. Some of these accomplishments are confer withing accomplishments and strong communicating and relational accomplishments ( Byrne & A ; Pierce, 2007 ) . Furthermore, MAs have to take a wider position of the concern and be able to associate cost and fiscal information to the strategic development of the concern ( Birnberg et al, 1983 ) . Another job in the manner of development was the integrating of the system which required clip taking to holds in the development of the concern. Most significantly, the complexness of the system besides hindered other sophisticated accounting developments ( Scapens, 2004 ) . The development procedure is farther amalgamate because of the decentralization and promotion in engineering, therefore ensuing in a shared apprehension between the MAs and the concern units within the administration, leting the MAs to fit their activities with the organisation’s ongoing demands ( Burns & A ; Baldvinsdottir, 2005 ) . The changing needs for concern to be more market ready, has besides farther boosted the demand for the development of the function of MAs to be specialised advisers with particular fiscal cognition ( Mouritsen, 1996 ) . In order to pitch up towards the new function, administrations have provided enlisting, preparation and calling planning to advance the function alteration of MAs ( Mouritsen, 1996 ) . Having a pro-active function allows MAs to supply the direction with information from a fiscal position ( Burns & A ; Baldvinsdottir, 2005 ) . The rubric of a specialized adviser increases their legitimacy, promoting concern units to seek their advice within their administration ( Mouritsen, 1996 ) . However, the development of the function of MAs to go more pro-active in the audience function led to some pretermiting their original accounting duties. Increase in size and complexness of administrations With the rapid development of the planetary concern environment and the addition in size and complexness of administrations, there was a demand for the function of MA’s to foster evolve from specializer to accountants. ( Sathe, 1983 ) . The accountant supervises the accounting section and aids direction in construing and utilising managerial accounting information. A strong accountant requires good supervisory accomplishments from MAs as they have to pull off a squad of comptrollers. This is in contrast from the traditional function where MAs chiefly focus on fiscal informations and work independently. As a strong accountant, MAs are actively involved in concern determination devising procedures and can retain a senses of objectiveness. This ensures alliance between MAs and the administration. Furthermore, MAs can urge classs of action and dispute the programs and actions of runing executives ( Chenhall & A ; Langfield-Smith, 1998 ) . Most significantly, it can make synergism and efficiency across administration as at that place will non be any duplicate work as all plants will be assigned consequently by the MAs in their new functions as accountants. ( Burns & A ; Baldvinsdottir, 2005 ) . The development of the function was further legitimised by professional organic structures who encouraged direction comptrollers to take on more managerial duties ( Clinton & A ; White, 2012 ) . The preparations for MAs have besides evolved in both the academic and professional facet towards a more concern oriented attack ( Clinton & A ; White, 2012 ) . This has greatly influenced the cognition base of future accounting professionals. However, one of the cardinal drawbacks to the development of a specializer into a accountant is a state of affairs where there is over cheque and balance in the administration, which can restrict the creativeness and entrepreneurship of the administration ( Sathe, 1983 ) . The ineffectualness of the traditional organizational civilization Traditionally, organisation’s civilization perceived MAs as a non-value added function to administration, hence they were non involved straight in any concern operations. Older coevals of MAs are besides unwilling to take the alterations as they have to upgrade their accomplishments to run into the new function ( Granlund & A ; Lukka, 1998 ) . Furthermore, many establishments are still learning the traditional method of MAs, therefore those new MAs will non be able to accommodate to the new civilization ( Jarvenpaa, 2007 ) . Most significantly, the complexness of the new function will do it hard for big administrations to to the full incorporate the new civilization within a short clip frame which may ensue in function confusion as employees do non cognize which civilization to follow on. Thus, doing it hard to legalize the function of MAs. With development comes the demand to legalize development through organizational civilization. This is because employees in the administration will act harmonizing to its civilization ( Jarvenpaa, 2007 ) . Furthermore, accounting is besides seen as a cultural object as all organizational actions and determinations are derived from the foundation of accounting ( Jarvenpaa, 2007 ) . Hence, administrations must re-structure their traditional civilization to let the legitimising of the new MA’s function. But due to alterations in the concern environment, MAs have to take on a more value-added function in the administration. Hence, in order for all employees to admit and accept the development of the function of MAs playing a more pro-active function, administration had to take a few enterprises to alter the organizational civilization to back up the new function. Several of the enterprises as stated by ( Jarvenpaa, 2007 ) , are function modeling by top direction through proactive engagement, development of new accounting invention that supports concern direction such as ABC and story-telling about the value-added service that MAs have provided to the administration. Role modeling is where the direction can take the alterations by leting MAs to take up more strategic functions and leting them chances to show their thoughts in a formal scene within administration. Furthermore, administrations develop new accounting techniques that free up clip, leting MAs to take on more complex responsibilities as compared to their traditional function. The direction have besides explained to employees through narrative stating on how the new MAs’ function has brought about value-added services to the administration. This greatly boost the image of MAs in the organisation’s new civilization as more employees now understand and accept the critical function that MAs drama in the modern map of the administration. This is because to legalize the new function, it is of import to derive support from the direction by bettering the perceptual experience of the administration accounting map, the formal authorization of MAs and their societal and proficient accomplishments. Hence, on top of making new function individuality for MAs and legalizing their new function, the administration has went on to commit the new function of the MAs. Administrations have taken several enterprises to make so as stated by ( Goretzki et al, 2013 ) . There are administrations to carry on seminars and conferences to acquire the new thoughts and web across and guarantee that the MAs are good cognizant that they can supply value-added service in this new function. Furthermore, administrations link their Ma with wider institutional environment which can supply counsel rules for the new functions. Most significantly, professional organic structures and administrations cooperate and instil a new civilization for the MAs. This guarantee alliance between the operational and fiscal facet of the concern, which will ensue in end congruity between MAs and the concern that allows better adaptation of the new function ( Pierce & A ; O’Dea, 2003 ) . Decision In decision, the decentralization of MAs, the alteration in organisational civilization and the promotion of engineering have allowed them to play an of import portion in the administration where they are operationally and strategically concentrate. Employees of the administration no longer see them as a bean counter but more of a concern adviser where they will seek advice and consulting service. Most significantly, the development has been necessary and should go on as the times change to let MAs to keep their relevancy in the economic system. Mentions Birnberg, J. G. , Turopolec, L. , & A ; Young, S. M.( 1983 ) . The organisational context of accounting.Accounting, Organizations and Society,8( 2-3 ) , 111-129. Bromwich, M. 1990.The Case for Strategic Management Accounting: The Role of Accounting Information for Strategy in Competitive Markets. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 15 ( 1-2 ) : 27-46. Byrne, S. , and Pierce, B.( 2007 ) ‘Towards a More Comprehensive Understanding of the Roles of Management Accountants ‘ .European Accounting Review, 16 ( 3 ) , pp. 469-498. Nathan birnbaums, J. , and Baldvinsdotti, G.( 2005 ) ‘An Institutional Perspective of Accountants ‘ New Roles – The Interplay of Contradictions and Praxis ‘ .European Accounting Review, 14 ( 4 ) , pp. 725-757. Chenhall, R. & A ; Lanfield-Smith, K.( 1998 ) Factors act uponing the function of direction accounting in the development of public presentation steps within organisational alteration plans. Management Accounting Research, 9, 361–386. Clinton, D. , & A ; White, L. R. ( 2012 ) .The Role of the Management Accountant: 2003-2012.Management Accounting Quarterly, 14( 1 ) , 40-74. Friedman, A. & A ; Lynes, S.( 1997 ) Activity-based costing and the decease of the beancounter. European Accounting Review, 6:1, 19–44. Grandlund, M. & A ; Lukka, K.( 1998 ) Towards increasing concern orientation: Finnish direction comptrollers in a changing civilization. Management Accounting Research, 9, 185–211 Goretzki, L. , Strauss, E. , & A ; Weber, J. ( 2013 ) .An Institutional Perspective on the Changes in Management Accountants ‘ Professional Role.Management Accounting Research, 24, 41-63. Granlund, M, and Malmi, T,( 2002 ) ‘Moderate impact of ERPS on direction accounting: a slowdown or lasting result? ‘ . Management Accounting Research, 13 ( 3 ) : 299-321 Golembiewski, R.( 1964 ) , Accountancy as a Function of Organization Theory, The Accounting Review, pp. 333-341. Golembiewski, R. T.( 1961 ) . Toward the New Organization Theories: Some Notes on † Staff † .Midwest Journal of Political Science, 237-259. Hopper, T.( 1980 ) Role struggles of direction comptrollers and their place within administration constructions. Accounting, Organizations and Society, Vol 5, No 4, 401–411. Jarvenpaa , M.( 2007 ) . Making concern spouses: A instance survey on how direction accounting civilization was changed.European Accounting Review,16( 1 ) , 99-142. Johnson, H. T. , & A ; Kaplan, R. S.( 1987 ) . Relevance Lost: The Rise and Fall of Management Accounting. Boston: Harvard Business School Press Mouritsen, J.( 1996 ) Five facets of accounting sections work. Management Accounting Research, 7, 283–303. Pierce, B. , & A ; O'Dea, T. ( 2003 ) .Management Accounting Information and the Needs of Managers: Percepts of Directors and Accountants Compared.The British Accounting Review, 35, 257-290. Simon, H. & A ; Gwetzkow, H. & A ; Kozmetsky, G. & A ; Tyndall, K.( 1954 ) Centralization Versus Decentralization in Forming the Controller’s Department. The Controllship Foundation, New York. Scapens, R. W. and Jazayeri, M.( 2003 ) , â€Å"ERP systems and direction accounting alteration: chances or impacts? A research note† , European Accounting Review, Volume 12, Number 1, Pages 201–233. Sathe, V.( 1983 ) . The accountant ‘s function in direction.Organizational Dynamicss,11( 3 ) , 31-48. Yazdifar, H. , & A ; Tsamenyi, M. ( 2005 ) .Management Accounting Change and the Changing Roles of Management Accountants: A Comparative Analysis Between Dependent and Independent Organizations.Journal of Accounting & A ; Organizational Change, 1( 2 ) , 180-198.

House Arrest Essay

There are several forms of house arrest; one I am more familiar with would be with an ankle monitor this is used usually with a low level offender. When released the inmate is fitted with the global positing system and this devise will alert the police if and when this individual violates his or her house arrest conditions. Global Positioning System (GPS) technology was officially introduced as an electronic monitoring option within the Department of Corrections in January 2007. Its’ current primary target population is specific paroled sex offenders. This device records offender movement throughout the community and reports those movements to a host computer. Department of Corrections staff is able to review maps and track the movement of the parolee throughout the day (Chisholm, 2001-2012). So we have one which can monitor if an offender leaves his or her home which they are ordered by a judge to stay within their boundaries, and then we have another similar devise to which the offender is fitted with but is able to move around the community and live among his or her peers. In addition we also can offer a prisoner if they have at least completed 3 to 6 months of their sentence. Studies show this seems to work if it is done when they are new in the system and before they learn how to survive on the inside or even get involved with the wrong groups. This is also compared to split sentence, these concepts are different but sometimes used interchangeably. But as with all probation shock probation is used as a privilege as some think it’s a right that they deserve it, but they do not it is something that is earned and many of those who do get it abuse it and end up back in jail sometimes again and again never learning a lesson and they keep re offending. In some cases it works for the better and they get out and really make a change for the better. Some of which may believe that if they went easy or just receive a slap on the wrist the first time they will just do it again. But again before these options were even are offered the defense team must meet with the judge to discuss and provide how the terms of the probation will be set along with the length and any other details. Shock probation is usually considered when a prisoner is a first time offender and a judge believes, given the circumstances of the case, that the prisoner has a chance at reform which may be enhanced by being released. This term is sometimes used interchangeably with â€Å"split sentence,† but the two concepts are different. In a split sentence, at the time of the initial sentencing hearing the judge declares that the convicted person will be sent to prison and then released on probation after a certain amount of time (Delich, 2003-2012). These are just a few forms of probation and studies show them to be very effective if carried out in an appropriate manor and having the proper supervision to help the inmate succeeded. References 1. (Chisholm, 2001-2012) 2. (Delich, 2003-2012)

SOCIAL SCIENCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

SOCIAL SCIENCE - Essay Example The selected regions of England and Wales followed a similar pattern with Wales by far surpassing the other regions. In the North West region the percentage of good water quality was greater than fair or poor quality for the four year period. A similar situation occurred with Southern and Wales. In the regions of Midlands and Anglian, though, the percentage of fair water quality was greater than the good quality for the years 1990 and 1995. Nonetheless in 2000 and 2005 there seems to be a dramatic improvement in the quality of water. In the Midlands, the percentage increase moved from 45 in 1995 to 59 in 2000 and 2005 whilst Anglian increased from 39 percent in 1995 to 49 in 2000. Wales outperformed the regions by a great margin for the entire period. Their good water quality ranged from 79 percent in 1990 to 93 percent in 2005. North West came in second in terms of the percentage of good water quality to fair and poor. Anglian’s good water quality ranged from 17 to 46 percent. At no time were they able to cross the half mark of 50. Thus, Anglian seems to have performed the worst in terms of the percentage of good water quality. Although North West experienced the highest percentage of poor quality water of 27 percent in 1990 this figure was significantly decreased to 8 percent by 2005. Hence, North West had the greatest percent decrease of poor water quality of 19 percent during the period. Interestingly, in 1990 Anglian with 17 percent began as the worst performing region in terms of the smallest percent of good water quality. Although they made a 22 percent leap to 49 in 2000, they remained with the lowest percent in good water quality. The market economy is one that is run by the forces of a market, that is, the economy is based on the dynamic relationship between the prices of goods and services and the behavior of producers and consumers. For example, as consumers increase their demand for a particular good or service the price of that commodity

Reflection on Teaching Themes of Care Assignment

Reflection on Teaching Themes of Care - Assignment Example Reflection on Teaching Themes of Care Major Points and Questions Raised Noddings (1995) initiated the discourse with the bold plan to reorganize contemporary school curriculum to focus on questions and issues pertinent to human existence. As suggested, the curriculum is envisioned to be organized around themes of care: â€Å"caring for self, for intimate others, for strangers and global others, for the natural world and its nonhuman creatures, for the human-made world, and for ideas† (Noddings, 1995, 1). To engage the readers into justifying his contentions, the author opted to resolve questions such as: (1) why teach caring? (2) How can teaching themes of care by chosen and organized? (3) And, what kinds of preparations should schools and teachers focus on to ensure effectiveness in teaching themes of care? The questions were addressed through a discussion of the benefits of teaching and incorporating themes of care in the schools’ curriculum.

Boeing and airbus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Boeing and airbus - Research Paper Example The Boeing 787 series was grounded after this episode in the United States. All these incidences concerned the battery and the airplane’s electrical components. It is also reported that the airplane has two major issues within the first 52,000 of flight while it was supposed to last for up to 10 million flight hours without any problems. The solution to this problem would be to change the battery so that it would be able to contain fires better and thus become more efficient and work for longer periods. However, the causes of the battery failures are still not known and therefore the solutions given may not cover the entire problem. Therefore, as the CEO of the company, there is a need to find out the cause of the failure of the batteries in order to find suitable solutions to the existing problem (Harress). The competitors of the Boeing include the airbus and Lockheed martin. The airbus is one of the biggest passenger airplanes known worldwide. However, it has some issues that need to be dealt with. For instance, one major problem of the airbus is its sensitive warning system. The software is not able to handle manageable tolerances and, therefore, the system can be set off even with very minor problems in the aircraft. The warnings and alarms can set off an alert and even shut down a well-functioning plane (Flight Global). There is a need for the algorithm to be set straight so that it is less sensitive and to prevent further breakdown of the airbus. The issue of false alarms has made the plane unreliable and therefore many passengers avoiding it. The rest of the citizens may not be in a position to understand the defects and react accordingly and thus the loss of confidence among many customers. There is a need to come up with a better software to deal with the false alarms and to make the airplane more

Factors Influencing Adult, Learning in Technology Based Firm Essay

Factors Influencing Adult, Learning in Technology Based Firm - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear that  the teachers or modern practitioners have concluded that there are two different types of teaching methodology, in the andragogic approach; which based on teaching drawn from the experience of the participants and the pedagogic approach. Here the teachings are based completely on the prerogative of the teacher. Studies have proven that in order for an adult to learn, he/she must have the necessary atmosphere. This is necessary because, with the increase in the age, the experiential learning tends to increase, so does the tendency to relate to past happenings of the same vein.  As the study highlights the program tended to put the ideas of adult learning into test and understand the impact and the effect of the same. The program had all the attributes, like modularity, easy approach and peripheral qualities. It was designed for the middle level Managers who had around five to seven years of experience and could base their learning on the expe riences.   At the end of the program, when the evaluation was asked, they gave flowing tributes about various instructors and their way of teaching, a critical evaluation is made to understand the various facets of the program and the cumulative impact on the behavior of the participants.  The structural base of the learning is modular and the learning is self directed, the onus of the learning process lies in the hand of the participants as they principally drive the class.... In the andragogic model, the participant’s views are taken into account (Gadamer et al., 2004). The structural base of the learning is modular and the learning is self directed, the onus of the learning process lies in the hand of the participants as they principally drive the class. There is a high amount of emphasis on setting up the adequate type of physical and psychological climate for the learning to happen. The auxiliary factors would include the proper learning environment, the emphasis on self directed learning. During the course of the program, the students were given the complete freedom to express their ideas and discuss them in the relevant groups (Garvin, 2000). There was a general transfer of the attitudes, values and ideas of the groups. Due to the modularization of the study, it became easier to complete the contents. The relevance on the level of ensuing entertainment is also extremely high, with a lot of the emphasis being laid on making the learning process more enjoyable in nature (Hayes et al., 1998) The students were given a lot of chances to explain their own experiences from the various facets of the personal and professional experience to augment the learning process. Therefore, looking at all the attributes, the methodology that was followed here was andragogic in nature. MODEL OF STUDY AND ITS SUBJECTIVE EVALUATION One of the models that have been used here for the purpose of studying the organizational learning is the pedagogical model. This particular model is basically an unidirectional model with the emphasis being on the delivery of the appropriate learning material and the instructors (teachers) (Tsang, 1997). This is mainly because of the fact that this model is unilaterally

Greatest Communicator Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Greatest Communicator - Essay Example It should also be known that a good communicator has effective listening skills. Moe has outstanding qualities when it comes to communication. It is from how he speaks to the audience that makes him unique. Moe has impacted lives of most students positively as well as keeping in check the performance of the students. In terms of monotony, Moe breaks it by adding stories to the speech. Moreover, he also involves his audience in the conversation by asking questions. Moe has various communication skills that make him notable. Moe has an impressive confidence that makes him stand out from other communicator. Confidence is vital because it ensures that the communicator delivers a speech full of content. Moreover, Moe uses direct contact in ensuring that he clearly delivers the message. The use of eye contact also ensures that the communicator gets the attention required from the audience. The ability to influence the audience’s emotions by his sense of humour clearly makes Moe unique in terms of communication. Effective communication skills by Moe impacts individuals on a significant margin. When presenting a speech, it is crucial that the audience gets emotionally tuned as well as enjoy the speech. Use of gestures like Moe ensures that the audience gets information clearly as well as enjoys the speech. The speaker’s use of non-verbal cues is of great necessity as it ensures that the audience does get bored. Hence, this impacts individuals especially those in management position and leadership positions to sharpen their communication skills (Cohn, 2007). Moreover, involving the audience in the presentation of speech makes them ride along. Direct eye contact is vital in enhancing emphasis to a given statement or speech. Moe also involves the audience in the speech makes the audience interact freely with the speaker and in case of this relations the speaker may takes some time to mentor his audience. Communication when done in the most effective way becomes

PETROLEUM POLLUTION IN INTERNATIONAL WATERS -(THE ROLE OF Literature review

PETROLEUM POLLUTION IN INTERNATIONAL WATERS -(THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND TREATIES) - Literature review Example To achieve this end, reviewer will concisely and critically discuss the literature’s structure, contents and evaluate if international laws are appreciated in resolving petroleum pollution cases in high seas. Content: Preventing Oil Spill thru Standards Authors of this literature are Nicholas P. Chereminisinoff and Paul Rosenfeld. They are chemical engineer and environmental chemist respectively with expertise on environmental pollution prevention and ecological restoration programs. Chereminisinoff and Rosenfeld aimed to share high impact contribution on pollution control processes by probing into petroleum industry to document best management practices and models, cleaner production of technologies and pollution prevention practices. This is clearly depicted in the title of the journal Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Industry: Best Practices in Petroleum Industry. Structurally, the literatures have no Abstract section but concise topic and themes where explicated in the Pre face Section. Authors detailed prevention of oil spill in six chapters, all of which had separate introduction, body and conclusion. Each chapter has proper author referencing to corroborate studies and they prescribed other references for further reading too. The document is sufficient of originality for journals, logically concluded with illustration and can be summarized without sacrifice to content. Authors indicated in introduction their serious concern on petroleum pollution in both land, air and high seas citing impact to industries, corporation and vessel owners that are supposedly boxed by policies on standard quality control (applied to oil extraction industry), corporation laws, maritime laws, insurance and environmental policies. Petroleum pollution’s devastating impact to ecosystem were all pointed in the introduction citing issues on protection, compliance to regulations, toxic management, performance audit, and the like. Thus, authors at the outset asserted tha t corporations engaged in the extraction and distribution of petroleum across continents should have transparent Environmental Aspects in accordance to internationally ISO standards for standard quality control to prevent disasters and environmental destructions. They urged corporate entities to strictly adhere to regulations by exercising strategic corporate planning, standard operational system, environmental protection standards, risk management, regular performance appraisal and thorough environmental impact assessments. As hypothetical assertion, they argued that corporation should not just generate revenue but must include pollution prevention for cost –efficiency, especially that oil extraction and distribution is a capital intensive venture. Authors manifested that they disfavored extractive industry’s productivity at the expense of environment and public safety. On methodology, authors did not expressly stated how data collection was done but their handbook cl early depicted the use of mixed qualitative and quantitative research studies that absorbed empirical facts which covered (a) comprehensive narration about petroleum industry, quality standards required in its facilities and operations and about quality

Proposal Preparation Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Proposal Preparation Plan - Assignment Example hold the cohesive nature of the work thus ensuring that the broken points are successive, this facilitates the efficient completion of the work without instances of redundancy. Key among the components of a particular work breakdown structure is the scope of the project. This refers to the features of the project including all the activities that make up the project. The structure must detail all the features of the work thus providing a reliable blueprint in the completion of the work. Time is yet another essential component of the structure. As discussed earlier, the structure guides the operations of the project managers. As such, it must detail the timeframe for the project by providing appropriate durations for every aspect of the project. Timely completion of the broken-down features contributes to the timely completion of the entire project owing to the interrelation of the various components (Project Management Institute, 2006). Additionally, a work breakdown structure must show the budget associated with the completion of the task. The budget enhances the completion of the project since it avails adequate resources for the completion of a particul ar aspect of the work. The appropriateness of the budgetary allocations ensures the effective and timely completion of the work since it influences the availability of the related resources. Besides all the features described above, a work breakdown structure must name the individual responsible for the project. This enhances accountability, a fundamental feature that contributes to the success of the project. An aircraft system is a complicated system consisting of various components that must operates efficiently and independently albeit in unison. This ensures the success and efficient operation of the entire system. The graphical representation below portrays a broken down feature of the system showing a typical work breakdown structure in the maintenance of an aircraft system. The system presents a

Patient portal adoption challanges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Patient portal adoption challanges - Essay Example On the contrary, motivation based factors are the attitudes that the medical staff has towards the adoption of healthcare portals. In this context, the professionals complain that the portals are difficult to use, require more than enough training. Moreover, some have presumed that the portals are inappropriate for handling healthcare records while others simply state that they do not enjoy using the information systems. To some extent, the medical staffs are justified in their objection to patient portals since they require technical knowledge absent in most of the workers (Ronda, Dijkhorst-Oei, & Rutten, 2014). The use of a patient portal requires suffice skills on Information Technology as opposed to medical and health care knowledge. Security and privacy concerns have been some of the misgivings of information systems and given the nature of the systems, breaches can occur where stealing of personal data can be a huge set back to the adoption of the portals. Nonetheless, the privacy issue concerns sharing of critical information with the employer, a situation that has made many medical staffs be worried about the extent of personal information they leave feed into the system. Medical workers presume that too much personal information is compromising their relationships with their employers. LeRouge, C., Slyke, C., Seale, D & Wright, K. (September, 2014). Baby Boomers’ Adoption of Consumer Health Technologies: Survey on Readiness and Barriers. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 16(9). Retrieved from http://www.jmir.org/2014/9/e200/#table4 Ronda, M. C., Dijkhorst-Oei, L.-T., & Rutten, G. E. (2014). Reasons and Barriers for Using a Patient Portal: Survey Among Patients With Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16(11), e263.

Shutter Island Analysis Essay Example for Free

Shutter Island Analysis Essay The story revolved about a man named, Teddy Daniels. A US Marshall who, with his partner, Chuck Aule, went to an island known as â€Å"Shutter Island† to conduct an investigation regarding the escape patient of the said psychiatric institution. upon arriving, he met, Dr. Cawley, the person in charge of the facility. there he found out that the said patient was named, Rachel Solando. when he went to his room, he had found a piece of paper containing a riddle saying, â€Å"the law of 4, Who is 67†. During the investigation, some members of the said facility was uneager to search for the said patient, and during teddy’s interview with some of the patients, one of them told him to run away from the place. This event had added to his curiosity and felt that something was wrong. everyone has his own secrets until it was revealed that even Teddy, has a hidden agenda, he was there for his own reason, he was there to look for, Andrew laeddis, the one who killed his wife, Dolores Chanal. As days go by, many things had happened, he had met George Noyce, his informant about the island and he was shocked to see him locked in the institution.one day, while conducting his investigation, his instict had brought him into a cave, wherein he met, an escape psychiatrist of the intitution. She had dropped the bomb to Teddy, that Shutter island is no ordinary island. it is the place where experiments where done, and that even him is victim of the said work. she said that bit by bit, they are drugging him and making him insane. she also tipped him that they conduct the experiments to the old lighthouse. after the conversation, he was immeadiately found by one of the security officers and was brought back to the facility. Eagerness and curiosity bothered him, that is why he had taken the next step, in which he went to the old lighthouse. upon arriving, he saw dr. cawley, that is when the reality, was revealed. Andrew laeddis is a psychiatric patient named â€Å"Edward Daniels†. His wife killed herself in front of him after drowning her kids, that had been a reason for his illness. his psychiatrist, Dr. Sheehan and Dr. Cawley, had taken a big risk by riding with his delusions, making it appear real, slowly showing him the reality. others had condemmed them for doing that, that being a good man, they want Daniels to regain his sanity, whatever it takes. At the end of the story, Daniels had said something that had had brought hope upon them all, it is when he stood up, surrendered himself and said,  Which would be worse? To live as a monster or Die as a good man?† Analysis Sanity is not a choice. It is one of the things that the movie shutter island wants to show. No one wants to have a psychological problem. They are just victims of the circumstances that they werent able to accept. This is something that Dr. Sheehan and Dr. Cawley had always believed in. Daniels isjust a victim of an event that he wasnt able to accept. That is why his past keeps hunting him and made him make a world of his own wherein only the things he wants to see, feel and experience exist. Dr. Sheehan and Dr.Cawley, both dedicated to thier profession wants Daniels to be treated using a more humane way, the psychological way. The way the two doctors treated and risk their proffesion just to help daniels show how a true caregiver should be. And us, being future nurses should have a mmore open mind and understanding heart especially in handling such patients. Everyone desrves humane treatment.

Sexism In Womens Professional Sports Media Essay

Sexism In Womens Professional Sports Media Essay Sexism is the belief or mind-set that one sex (usually the male) is innately superior to, more skilled, or more worthy than the other is. It includes all kinds of prejudice, overt or covert, concerning gender. It is the belief that a certain gender is inherently better than the other; therefore, it should be in charge of the most significant spheres of political, financial, and social life. It principally involves detestation of, or bigotry towards whichever gender as a whole or the appliance of stereotypes of masculinity to all men, of femininity to women. Sexism is also known as male and female chauvinism. Sexism has been narrowed down to be described as the practice of dominance of men over women. Sexism is a practice that is held up in various ways such as through language, visual links, media depiction, and stereotyping, particularly based on the maternal/caring role of women. These ways are significant to our socialization into our gender roles, and as a result, it makes this d ominance tolerable in the community. Sexism is such a significant issue because all women go through it in various ways. For example, in the workplace and at home depending on their economic and social situation; it restricts the ways in which women go about actualizing their potential. The Sports organizations are not free from sexism either. This controversy is not a new issue that has risen. Sexism in sports goes as back as sports and sexism itself goes. Sexism in sports dates back to back to B.C.s. Even from as long as 776 B.C., antique Greek prohibited women as contenders and audience from the Olympic Games. Any married woman who was found around the stadium was thrown from a cliff (Borish, 1996). In August 1890, W.S. Franklin declared the creation of a womens professional baseball league. It was required that for one to take part in the league, they must be aged below 21 years, beautiful, and have a gorgeous shape. This was a step forward but was still not sufficient for the women. In the 1900 Olympics edition, in Paris France, was made up of 1308 men and only 11 women, another positive step from primeval Greeks but still not sufficient. Prior to 1916, women were not permitted to attend boxing matches since the sport was viewed to be too violent for the women. In the 1920 Olympics, the judges warned American figure skater Theresa Weld for making jumps that they deemed not lady-like. Before that, it was worse with jumping itself being deemed unlady-like. In early bobsled contests, two of the riders had to be women; however, they were not allowed to drive nor work the bakes. In the 1928 Olympic 800-yard running event, a number of women collapsed, this provoked the then IOC president Compete de Baillet-Latour to attempt to free the games of all womens track contest. In 1936, Avery Brundige, the then chief of the US Olympic Committee remarked, that he was sickened to the ears by women who wanted to participate both as field and track competitors. According to Brundige, they do not have any charm although they are adroit and beautiful, they cannot perform not in the swimming or diving category (Danziger, 1999). He went on to become the chief of the international Olympic committee in 1952. Women track competition longer than 200 meters were ba nned until 1960 when the 800-meter race was re-established. Women were also not permitted at center court for the Italian championship tennis finals before late 1960s. In 1972, the 1500 meters track competition was introduced in the Olympic sports. The womens AAA in the UK barred women from taking part in long-distance road races prior to 1975 when they were allowed. The International Olympic committee declined to allow women to take part in the 3000 meters track event for the 1980 Olympics in Moscow in the USSR, since the event was considered a bit too arduous for women. In the subsequent Olympics games in1984 the 3000 meters race alongside the marathon was added. In 1997, in the US, a womens professional basketball league was started, the Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA). As evidenced by this account, it has it has been a protracted and sluggish battle for women in sports. Sexism was deeply rooted in sports, and the fight against it has truly advanced through the years. On a positive note, however, there is far less offensive and overtly sexist handling of women athletes than it was the situation two or even one decade ago. Undoubtedly, there has been a gender revolt in American sports in recent times (Hargreaves, 2000). Millions of girls participate in sport competitions daily be it in college or professional leagues. Womens athletic ability levels have also done up astronomically over the last two decades in sports ranging from basketball to volleyball, from hockey to soccer etc. There still exists a long and hard journey to go for women athletes to attain the same opportunities and hold up as their male counterparts. Although discrimination of people based on their gender has almost ended in regards to whether sports bodies allow women to participate in some sports games, more need to be done to improve the way sports commentators and the general population characteristically speak of women athletes. The media and sponsors are also guilty of prop agating sexism in sports. For example, the overall coverage of womens sports has gone down to ridiculously low levels. It is time for the news media and the sports shows to up the tempo to be able to keep pace with this revolution. It is a fact that women in professional sports have never been entirely supported, either fiscally (by sponsors) or psychologically (by the media and the fans). Women have tried hard to get reorganization and respected by governing bodies. The media and public need to change their sexist outlook; this will enable sexism in sports to be wiped out. Just this year, two leading British soccer radio commentators, were relieved of their jobs a day after being taken off the air for making sexist remarks about a female assistant match official during the English premier league duel between Wolves and Liverpool. The duo requeted that a person should go to the field to show the dumb women what was meant by the offside rule. Women do not know what it is, asserted one. Certainly not, the second one concurred. Britains Sky Sports, Richard Keys, and Andy Gray were criticizing the work of the linesman Sian Massey, and they were aware that they were on air. Then as if that was not sexist enough, they laughed about the policy of West Ham United concerning sexism in football. Keys and Gray asked each other rhetorical remarks that were aimed at lowering the morale of Karen and never thought of what she would feel. Now this could be disguised as humor; however, it is also true that jokes at a persons race, or gender expense are a mask of anger t o that persons race, or gender. The words of sports commentators and sports shows hosts, repeated many times by different commentators in the same or similar manner, just like propaganda, provide a theoretical frame for the sports experience. This abstract frame is of interest since the fans often relate it even to non-athletic situations. In Wimbledon, it is a widely known that the scheduling of women tennis at the central court is mostly based on looks rather than prowess. In fact, the reason why female tennis is so popular has everything to do with the sex appeal of the female players and little (if at all anything) to do with their ability to play tennis (not to say they are not good players but to say their abilities are ignored). Marketers of female tennis sell its sex appeal rather than the skill of the athletes. Furthermore, it is an open secret that the world over, more importance is attached to men sports. Media coverage in general is better for male leagues and tournaments than female ones. Even the cost of courtside tickets for NBA vis-Ã  -vis that of the WNBA points to this. It costs more to attend NBA matches that WNBA matches. This is a testament to the fact that more value is attached to mens sports. The media, as an institution, is guilty of perpetuating sexism in tennis and sports in general. Media gives more emphasis on male sports compared to female sports. This, they claim, is because more men attracted to sports than women are. This is not true, and the assertion is contradicted by facts. Nationwide statistics point toward the fact that women make up to 38% to 42% of all sport and physical activity contestants. Nonetheless, study indicates that female sports get roughly 6% to 8% of the entirety sports coverage. According to the Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles (2000), the main factor that plays a part in deciding what sports gets coverage in newspapers is the interests of the editor; the number of sports covered grew when the ability of women in sports was devalued. The media also perpetuate sexism in sports by depicting female athletes as feminine and sexually attractive. From a traditional perspective, it is easy to say there is nothing wrong with portraying wom en in general as attractive. However, female athletes surely warrant equal acknowledgment for their sporting capabilities as male athletes. When a female athlete appears in a sport periodical or an ad to market in a sport she ought to be portrayed with respect as is male athletes, an accomplished athlete. Another problem for depicting sexual images of female athletes is the fact that images are very influential and form as well as mirror attitudes and values (Birrell and Cole, 1994). Depicting female athletes as sexual beings, or pretty sends the message that they are not greatly skilled as athletes. Depictions that overlook or belittle females athletic abilities dent the significance of womens sports and esteem for the skills of sportswomen (Fields, 2005). The use of sexist imagery to sell female sports by advertisers, promoters, and the media in general sells the athletes not as so, but as sex objects. Instead of fans going to matches to see the sporting prowess of the contestants , they go there to see the pretty ladies, they were promised in the promotions. The media and the promoters might argue that the selling of sexy images of females in general works. Of course, if it did not work they would not do it. The underlying argument would be that this is what their target market wants. This argument would be an astonishing insensitivity to the detrimental results of sexism. The sports media and the advertising industry have a responsibility of not perpetuating destructive and restrictive images to the society. The same This is what the target market wants and, This is what works or sells would not be acceptable if the images portrayed are racist or anti-Semitic. The fact that pornography sells and might be what they want to consumers does not make it any more acceptable. This argument is obviously unacceptable.

Music Business Journal Analysis :: essays research papers fc

Music Business Journal Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Music Business Journal is an online journal based in the United Kingdom. The two editors, JoJo Gould and Jonathan Little, are both lecturers, researchers, and writers in the music industry. When they saw that the music industry was underdeveloped in academic terms, the two founded the Music Business Journal to â€Å"facilitate the sharing of information and knowledge across a range of music industry activities.† Consultants for the journal come from a wide array of expertise and from all over the world. Countries represented are the U.K., Australia, U.S.A., and Turkey.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The members of the Music Business Journal never have formal meetings as it is specifically an online journal. Members from around the world, however, can submit articles, interviews, reviews of products, etc. to get posted on the website for their peers to view. In fact, each year one member earns an award for writing the best article published on the journal’s site. It is important to note that many of the members of the MBJ are also members of music business associations such as the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and/or the National Association of Recording Industry Professionals (NARIP), both of which hold annual meetings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The specific audience for this publication are music industry professionals; including recording label’s staff, studio engineers, and producers; however the journal can also be useful for educators, journalists, and the general public. The information provided in the journal could serve a variety of purposes but it is mostly an analytical source of news. The articles within the journal analyze the latest trends in the music industry and layout possibilities for the future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The articles in this journal are not topic specific. There are a wide variety of articles found in the journal with topics ranging from record labels to sampling to copyright infringement to safety regulations and even historical information. By taking this wide angled approach, the MBJ makes sure to include information for anyone’s personal interest in the music industry, without being too specialized. A reader would probably never use this journal as their primary source of news/education in their particular focus within the field; however, they could use this journal as a way of learning about other facets in the music industry they are not already familiar with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As mentioned earlier, the writers for the Music Business Journal come from all over the globe, with the editors and staff mostly working as professors and lecturers at universities.

The Killer Angels :: History, Battle of Gettysburg

THIS IS AN INTRODUCTION!!!!! The commanders that served under Lee were blinded by this admiration. â€Å"His presence is everywhere. They hush when he passes, like an Angel of the Lord.† (pg. 63) Even as he walks down the street people salute him, bow to him, praise him. â€Å"A Pennsylvania woman flirted, asked for is autograph.† (pg. 78) Within the army Lee is worshipped by all members, low and high. When something goes wrong they will find someway to avert the blame from Lee, even though it may have been his fault, to someone else. â€Å"They love him. They do not blame him. They do impossible things for him.† (pg. 250) On the second day of the battle, when everything goes horribly wrong for the Confederate Army, no one blames Lee for the loss. It was his idea to (what was his plan again..) and yet after it failed everyone took it out on Longstreet. As Goree says on page 240 â€Å"They can’t blame General Lee. Not no more. So they take it out on [Longstreet].† Although Lee is one of the most loved Generals of all time, I don’t think he enjoyed it all that much. On page 79 he says that â€Å"Fame came too late. I would have enjoyed it, if I were younger man.† The Confederate Army could, and probably should, have won the Battle of Gettysburg. They started off the battle by overpowering the Union Army on the first day. Everyone is in good spirits and feeling that â€Å"with every step of a soldier, with every tick of the clock, the army was gaining safety, closer to victory, closer to the dream of independence.† (pg. 110) With this in mind they charged into the second day. This is when everything went wrong. Lee’s plan was to â€Å"attack en echelon, to take Cemetery Hill in reverse.† (pg. 184) Although most of the Confederate Army was against the procedure and thought it wouldn’t work, no one could persuade Lee to change his mind. And so the army went ahead and attacked the Union Army following Lee’s plan. The battle raged on for hours and by the end the Confederate Army had suffered an unpleasant loss. If they had used a different strategy I think they could have won on the second day. By the third day, however, things are looking grim. Even Longstreet admits it when he is talking to Lee; â€Å"I have to tell you now, sir, that I believe this attack will fail.

The Link Between Heart Disease and Cancer :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Link Between Heart Disease and Cancer Recently, on a visit to my mothers' house, I pulled out my parents' wedding album. As I flipped through the pages of the wedding album, it was exciting to see pictures of my parents and our family members. Everyone seemed to be joyous except my grandmothers. They both had sad and angry expressions on their faces as their children made their vows to each other. I, too, was saddened as I noticed my paternal grandmother's figure because one of her breasts was wider, flatter and higher than her other breast. It appears that she had attempted to fill her bra cup with some type of soft cloth. I did not know that she had succumbed to breast cancer and had a radical mastectomy so early in her life. Although my maternal grandmother is still alive today, she has had advanced heart disease most of her life. We called my grandmother "GM" (grandmother). Although GM is a kind and gentle woman, she is quite temperamental. I believe these emotions and worry spike her towering blood pressure. As I continued to go through my parents' wedding album, I noticed that mostly everyone in my family has died of heart disease or cancer. Although my father had diabetes, he died of a massive heart attack. My great uncle died of prostate cancer and his wife died after having a massive heart attack. According to the 1995 Monthly Vital Statistics Report, heart disease and cancer are the leading causes of death in the United States; in fact, heart disease and cancer have been linked to diet and exercise. "I believe that 80 and 90 percent of cancers can be prevented because they are caused by environmental, dietary or nutritional factors," according to Dan Colbert, M.D. and author of Walking in Divine Health. The most common cancers in the United States-- colorectal cancer and breast cancer and prostate cancer--are linked to consumption of red meat, fats, and toxins in diet. In Leviticus 3:17, it is written, "This shall be a perpetual statue through out your generations in all your dwellings: you shall eat neither fat nor blood" (The New King James Bible).

Business Communication

During the exam you are not allowed to open your references. B. Please answer the following questions in the form of essay which consists of introductory paragraph, detail and example, and concluding paragraph). 1.Effective communication strengthens the connection between a company and all its stakeholders, those groups affected in some way by the company’s actions: customers, employers, stakeholders, suppliers, neighbors, the community, and the nation. Conversely, when communication breakdown, the results can be anything from time wasting to the tragic event. How can a lack of shared experience between sender and receiver result in communication failures? 2. The way you conduct yourself and interact with others can have a profound influence on your company’s success and your career.Because of your excellent communication skills, for example, your boss always asks you to write his reports for him but when the CEO complimenting him on his logical organization and clear w riting style, your boss responds as if he’d written all those reports himself. What kind of ethical choice does your boss’s response represent? What can you do in this situation? Explain your solution and your reasoning. 3. Every month, each employee in your department is expected to give oral presentation on the status of your group project.One member of the group, however, has a severe speech impediment that prevents people from understanding most of what he has to say. As the department manager, how will you resolve this dilemma? Is it possible for you to use non-verbal communication? Please explain. 4. CRM stands for Customer Relationship Management, a category of software that helps companies manage their interactions with customers. What are the factors to be considered when choosing visual media like CRM for your business communication? PS: Maximum score is 25 for each question including paragraph structure, sentence tructure, coherence, spelling, and choice of word. ——————–oOo————— Communication is a process whereby information is enclosed in a package and is channeled and imparted by a sender to a receiver via some medium. The receiver then will decodes the information before he/she gives feedback to the sender. Of course, some interference can appear in any forms and disturb the process of communication itself. When a process of communication doesn’t run properly, it is called communication breakdown and it is very common.In any communication model, interference of a communication model is called noise. There are many examples of noise, such as: environmental noise, physiological-impairment noise, semantic noise, syntactical noise, organizational noise, cultural noise, and psychological noise. The lack of shared experience of communication between the sender and the receiver could be classified as semantic, syntactical, organizational, or cultural noise. Semantic noise means the sender and the receiver have different interpretations of the meanings of certain words.For example, the word â€Å"weed† could be interpreted as undesired plants on your yard or as marijuana. Syntactical noise is a form of noise where certain grammatical mistakes appear and disrupt communication. This kind of noise usually appears when the language that is used in the communication process is not the mother language of one or more parties of the process. Poorly structured communication can prevent the receiver from accurate interpretations. When this happens, it is called organizational noise.For example, when a manager teaching his/her subordinates how to use a new tool for their works, but he/she is not telling them in a well structured form of communication, it can make the subordinates more confused about the new tool. The last one is cultural noise. This happens when the receiver and the sender came from different cultural background. Fo r instance, wishing a Moslem â€Å"Merry Christmas† could be offending for him/her. The process of communication does not always run well. Some interference can appear and disrupt the process.Therefore, we should learn the effective way of communication so that we can avoid the interference and conduct an effective way of communication. In business or in working environment, there are some rules that should be obeyed so we won’t hurt someone else’s feelings or take the rights of others. This set of rules is called business ethics. However, to determine whether an act is ethical or not is, sometimes, not easy. From the example given in the question, I don’t have any trouble to say that it is unethical. My boss claimed my works as his/hers and that simply violated my intelligence rights.There are some options can be taken to deal with this case, but I have my own way to deal with this. If I were in that position, I would just complain to him/her right away. Tell him/her that I didn’t like what he/she was doing but in a most nice and most polite ways. I don’t think he/she would fire me because he/she needed me. I was good at making reports and if he/she fired me, it wouldn’t be that easy to find someone else with the same skill. In working environment, we should always ensure that our acts are ethical. Even when someone else does unethical acts toward us, we should solve the problem with the most ethical way.By ensuring that every act that we conduct is ethical, it will not only make a good working environment but also shows us who we really are. In the process of communication, some interference can appear and disrupt the process. This interference is called noise. There are many kind of noise, such as: environmental noise, physiological-impairment noise, semantic noise, syntactical noise, organizational noise, cultural noise, and psychological noise. From the example given in the question, it is classified as phy siological-impairment noise.It means he/she has physical maladies that prevent effective communication. In this case: speech impediment. If I were the manager, I would try to help him with his/her speech problem. However, if it were impossible to help him/her with the problem, I would give him/her the work that required less speaking or the more technical part. I would leave him the part that deals with counting, graphs, etc. Customer relationship management (CRM) is a widely-implemented strategy for managing a company’s interactions with customers, clients and sales prospects.It involves using technology to organize, automate, and synchronize business processes, principally sales activities, but also those for marketing, customer service, and technical support. One of the factors that should be considered when using CRM is the tools could be complicated. The tools itself are usually limited. So, when using CRM as the company’s strategy, we should ensure that we have t he right processes, the right people, and the right strategy Business Communication Therefore, the company should develop consistency and extensive plan in order to commit their operational, strategic, financial and transactional problems. According to the Matthew Walker, in this situation, the first step should be communication proactively to limit surprises and build the credibility and trust. It does not mean that company should disclose every financial part; however the trust is the critical. The healthy business requires the healthy community. Also, there should contribution in creating and maintenance.Certainly, the public wants to know about companies, organizations. Lewis (2010) states that, corporate social responsibility becomes the â€Å"buzzword† from the boardroom to the living room by growing media coverage dealing with such issues as corporate governance and environmental responsibility. Professionally, this rise In awareness of the term CARS has created a new fashion in business management (Jackson, 2001). Many academics, corporate stakeholder s and Government are calling on large and small corporations to adopt CARS orientated approaches to business.It helps to communicate with stakeholders effectively. Inefficient or poor communication often demonstrates incomplete planning, unrealistic deadlines and budgets. Every company needs to communicate often and effectively in order to know about the processes of future plans, mission and vision. According to the study, which was conducted by IT managers of French computer manufacturers, 57 % of project failures were because of the poor communication. The main reason is that inability to clearly state their expectations to the stakeholders.Moreover, the good communication is not one-size fits all technique. Firstly, every company should pay attention to the diplomatic transparency and sensitivity to their pacific work styles. For instance, some people need regular data and constant updates while others need high level directives and knowing just specific details. Also, it is ver y important knowing and having the correct tools and skills to reach the main goal of the company. There is no doubt that, miscommunication can creates hard feeling which might remain undetected for a long time.Every employee should prepare a formal communication strategy in order to define the exact expectations from stakeholders. Also, it is extremely necessary to write about the ideas, issues, insights and information. In addition, there should be shown the statistics and should be presented to the stakeholders. It helps to prove the works which were done already. Also, one of the best ways to avoiding the conflicts with stakeholders is writing the memos. This can be as simple as stating needs of company in a few sentences or as complex as writing out your list of objectives.It is useful to define the core objectives with measurable parameters of the company. Furthermore, each of your various project stakeholders their own agenda and goals. The company's executive team should sub mit the particular information and a different communication style in the day-to-day details of delivery. Usually, stakeholders want to see more of the summarized review. In order to balance the various needs of communication, there should be the connection between risk and risk mitigation actions. It is very important for external stakeholders.If a risk can be mitigated by adjustments with the control of the company then it probably doesn't need to bubble up to team. Also, the communication about the risk with the stakeholders can be tricky, because this group, usually, is unfamiliar with the details Of the company. In order to succeed, company should fully explain the concepts without using the company's jargon's in the message. Also, it helps to show the benefits to gain acceptance. The company should meet with the stakeholder to discuss the plan together and maintain positive relationships.Nowadays, the several marketing techniques can be used to facilitate this process, which h elps to promote this in effective way. The majority of companies use the type of the messaging with stakeholders. According to the Schultz(2006), companies prefer using the minimal release kind of communication with stakeholders. This finding shows that suggestion by the web-based content is the most effective way of reaching the goal. With the respect to CARS the centre management bell ivied that the various messages where they can communicate across various means generated the benefits to the company, organization.Moreover, the clear structured message to the stakeholder whether it will be transmitted via print or shown on company's website will become effective to settle down the goals. The details should be written in the message carefully. Also, it can be provided in different formats. Sometimes, there will be necessary to translate the documents in order to understand, because many types of specific words in the technology changed. Therefore, effective communication may requir e the translating of technical and financial jargon.Also, in writing the message to stakeholders it is very important to explain the technical issues in terms that non-experts can understand. In addition, politicians and the public can make their decisions. One of terms of company can be provided by the using the glossary of company. In conclusion, certainly the poor message with the lack of information in the intent has the negative impact on the company. Communication is the complicated process of sharing and exchanging information, knowledge, feeling and experience.It is important to write the report to stakeholders with the specific details and expectations in order to obtain the company's good reputation. The communication principles, which relates to the management of company are important to define clear organizational structured communication. It will demonstrate the high-performing organizations, where all employees respect communication principles. Also, it can show the hi gh degree of trust between team members. The effective business communication consists of the accurate communication in particular message, where the stakeholder can understand this correctly.One of the important things of the communication with the stakeholder is not confusing and misinforming with the information. Therefore, the corporate policy should be strictly checked. All of us know that the aim of corporate communication is to managing perceptions through the positive corporate brand, transparent relationship with all stakeholders. That's why the nature of corporate communication is one of the necessary facts of the successful impasses, because it helps to consider and notice the intersection between the level and perception of the every company. Business Communication Therefore, the company should develop consistency and extensive plan in order to commit their operational, strategic, financial and transactional problems. According to the Matthew Walker, in this situation, the first step should be communication proactively to limit surprises and build the credibility and trust. It does not mean that company should disclose every financial part; however the trust is the critical. The healthy business requires the healthy community. Also, there should contribution in creating and maintenance.Certainly, the public wants to know about companies, organizations. Lewis (2010) states that, corporate social responsibility becomes the â€Å"buzzword† from the boardroom to the living room by growing media coverage dealing with such issues as corporate governance and environmental responsibility. Professionally, this rise In awareness of the term CARS has created a new fashion in business management (Jackson, 2001). Many academics, corporate stakeholder s and Government are calling on large and small corporations to adopt CARS orientated approaches to business.It helps to communicate with stakeholders effectively. Inefficient or poor communication often demonstrates incomplete planning, unrealistic deadlines and budgets. Every company needs to communicate often and effectively in order to know about the processes of future plans, mission and vision. According to the study, which was conducted by IT managers of French computer manufacturers, 57 % of project failures were because of the poor communication. The main reason is that inability to clearly state their expectations to the stakeholders.Moreover, the good communication is not one-size fits all technique. Firstly, every company should pay attention to the diplomatic transparency and sensitivity to their pacific work styles. For instance, some people need regular data and constant updates while others need high level directives and knowing just specific details. Also, it is ver y important knowing and having the correct tools and skills to reach the main goal of the company. There is no doubt that, miscommunication can creates hard feeling which might remain undetected for a long time.Every employee should prepare a formal communication strategy in order to define the exact expectations from stakeholders. Also, it is extremely necessary to write about the ideas, issues, insights and information. In addition, there should be shown the statistics and should be presented to the stakeholders. It helps to prove the works which were done already. Also, one of the best ways to avoiding the conflicts with stakeholders is writing the memos. This can be as simple as stating needs of company in a few sentences or as complex as writing out your list of objectives.It is useful to define the core objectives with measurable parameters of the company. Furthermore, each of your various project stakeholders their own agenda and goals. The company's executive team should sub mit the particular information and a different communication style in the day-to-day details of delivery. Usually, stakeholders want to see more of the summarized review. In order to balance the various needs of communication, there should be the connection between risk and risk mitigation actions. It is very important for external stakeholders.If a risk can be mitigated by adjustments with the control of the company then it probably doesn't need to bubble up to team. Also, the communication about the risk with the stakeholders can be tricky, because this group, usually, is unfamiliar with the details Of the company. In order to succeed, company should fully explain the concepts without using the company's jargon's in the message. Also, it helps to show the benefits to gain acceptance. The company should meet with the stakeholder to discuss the plan together and maintain positive relationships.Nowadays, the several marketing techniques can be used to facilitate this process, which h elps to promote this in effective way. The majority of companies use the type of the messaging with stakeholders. According to the Schultz(2006), companies prefer using the minimal release kind of communication with stakeholders. This finding shows that suggestion by the web-based content is the most effective way of reaching the goal. With the respect to CARS the centre management bell ivied that the various messages where they can communicate across various means generated the benefits to the company, organization.Moreover, the clear structured message to the stakeholder whether it will be transmitted via print or shown on company's website will become effective to settle down the goals. The details should be written in the message carefully. Also, it can be provided in different formats. Sometimes, there will be necessary to translate the documents in order to understand, because many types of specific words in the technology changed. Therefore, effective communication may requir e the translating of technical and financial jargon.Also, in writing the message to stakeholders it is very important to explain the technical issues in terms that non-experts can understand. In addition, politicians and the public can make their decisions. One of terms of company can be provided by the using the glossary of company. In conclusion, certainly the poor message with the lack of information in the intent has the negative impact on the company. Communication is the complicated process of sharing and exchanging information, knowledge, feeling and experience.It is important to write the report to stakeholders with the specific details and expectations in order to obtain the company's good reputation. The communication principles, which relates to the management of company are important to define clear organizational structured communication. It will demonstrate the high-performing organizations, where all employees respect communication principles. Also, it can show the hi gh degree of trust between team members. The effective business communication consists of the accurate communication in particular message, where the stakeholder can understand this correctly.One of the important things of the communication with the stakeholder is not confusing and misinforming with the information. Therefore, the corporate policy should be strictly checked. All of us know that the aim of corporate communication is to managing perceptions through the positive corporate brand, transparent relationship with all stakeholders. That's why the nature of corporate communication is one of the necessary facts of the successful impasses, because it helps to consider and notice the intersection between the level and perception of the every company. Business Communication Assignment # 05 Business Communication Topic: short / informal reports categories and formats of reports IN RESPECT OF: Sir Hamid Nawaz Sb. SUBMITTED BY: MUHAMMAD JAVED IQBAL AISH MBA 1st Semester Section (A) DEPARTMENT OF ADMINSTRATIVE SCIENCES QUAID-I-AZAM UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD What is report? An orderly and objective communication of factual information that serves a business purpose. What is short report? The short report consists of a title page and the report text normally. Like most of the less formal report forms, the short report may be organized in either the direct order or indirect order. But the direct order is more common. This plan begins with a quick summary of report including the conclusions and recommendations. Because many organization heavily depend upon the short reports. There are many varieties written for the different purposes. Some companies have their particular report forms. There are many types of short reports but we will define three of them only, as follows: 1. Routine operational reports: The majority of the reports written within the companies are routine reports that informs to the supervisors, top managers and other employees of the organization about the company’s all activities. These reports can be for daily, weekly, monthly or quarterly. It depends upon the work nature that if sufficient task like all the policy making rules have to define then it will be in more concise form that every one can understand easily. For the various purposes we can use this form of report. For example the production data, the data of loyal customers etc. The formation of this type of repot varies from company to company and managers to manager. The content / format of this report: ? The name comes from the fact that what is inside the report and it must be written with in 15 minutes. That’s why we define its name first of all so that this name clearly defined the required information efficiently and on time. Most of the organizations define some standard for the short operation report because managers don’t have sufficient time to write on the daily or monthly basis by defining its whole format. So they define a standard that these contents must include in the report so that reader can understand easily. ? The findings of a particular sample must be given in a chronological order so that readers can understand quickly. And must use the appropriate headings if required any. ? In the end of routine report just put the summary, which may include or not according to the data required. 2. Progress reports: This report review progress on an activity. This report focuses on the progress toward a specific goal. If someone is working on a project under the supervision of a boss then he or she must have to write a progress report for that project to his or her immediate boss or manager to show the progress of that project that work is on the track. Progress report can be formal or informal depending on the work nature. But most are informal and narrative. And one important factor which must use in this report that is subject i. e. â€Å"I† or â€Å"we†. If we are using the word â€Å"I† in the progress report that â€Å"I have done all this† then it shows really negative behavior and â€Å"we† shows the best motivation tool in the progress report. The format / content of this report: ? Describe the purpose and nature of the project first. ? Present a summary of work already completed. Describe work currently in the progress including personnel, methods. ? Forecast future activities related to the project. ? In the end include recommendations and request. 3. Recommendation reports: A recommendation report is a detailed report submitted to readers who are usually in a high management position, like as, supervisors, top managers, head of departments, buyers of company, and elected officials, to a ccept or reject the writer’s plan or choose from among their recommendations. Purpose of the recommendation report: The main purpose and theme of this report is to present a carefully created, well-supported proposal for application of the research which we have conducted. The report will define ways to apply findings to the problem which we have investigated. If the report is accepted then it t can lead to improve functioning conditions, a more competent and cost-effective business or supplementary jobs. Format of the recommendation report: Her we use report format, not memo or letter format. And important thing, here is, that we have make sure of using headings and number the pages of the report. The length will vary based on the number of headings, the size and number of visuals, and other design features. Contents of recommendation report: ? Introduction of report: The opening of this report should be interesting so that it actually represents what it follows. ? Methods of report: We have to explain all the gathered data so that its primary purpose was to understand the background of the problem, not to get solutions. ? Summary of the secondary research: Here we have to consider what has been done before to address that problem, and to recommend solutions. ? Analysis of Survey Findings: This section is important due to its survey factor because here we define the findings obtained from the primary and secondary research. ? Feedback: We conclude from the gathered data and implement to solve the problem. ? Recommendations: Recommendation shows that how readers can transform their particular action into actions. ? Closing: Goodwill tone is much important and must be closed in form of solving the problem. Short reports format: Short report formats are the design of the report that defines which contents of the reports are included and which contents are described more or not. Simply the format of a report shows the outline of a whole report either of short or long. There are different formats of the short reports which are as follows, but here we have to define three of them only: †¢ Letter format †¢ Memo format †¢ Report format †¢ Prepared forms 1. Letter Format: The reports in the forms of letter are known as the letter format reports. These formats are normally used when writers have to send information to outsiders in informal form. Means these reports are used to present information to person outside the organization. For writing a report in a letter format these instructions can be followed: †¢ We write the name and organization information in the upper left corner of the page with date. Under these three things you have to write the name of the recipient and his title and company address. †¢ After writing salutation we present the information about the important contents of the report. †¢ Then give reason why we are writing a report. Here we need more information to clarify our readers about the report. †¢ In the end provide the conclusion and recommendation. †¢ Friendly closing is also necessary. So use those words which create the goodwill. †¢ And write name below the four lines after closing with signatures. 2. Memo Format: These formats are normally used when writers have to send information within the organization. Means these reports are used to present information to person inside the organization. A memo is used to persuade people to take some action or to give feedback on a specific matter. Word â€Å"Memo† is also called as â€Å"memorandum†. Memo can be formal and informal as well. Memo is written in a very simple tone that easy to understand. Memo must be short and specific. In memo the following things are important to note: †¢ Try to identify the audience to whom we are writing. †¢ Write the name of sender and receiver in a memo. †¢ Purpose of writing a memo must be given with the subject. †¢ Give suggestions for the help of readers. †¢ Present the recommendation with some arguments. †¢ Closing with creation of goodwill. 3. Short report format: Short reports formats are used to give some particular information and also have different reasons and purposes of writing in terms of managers and employees. So the contents of the short reports are: Write the title of the report very first †¢ Mention the name of that person to whom we are writing †¢ Mention the name who is writing †¢ Mention the date also †¢ Short reports include terms of references which show basically the main contents of the reports. †¢ Define the methodology of the report †¢ Conclusion shows the overview of the whole report. †¢ And in the end we present the recommendations to take actions if necessary. References: www. google. com www. osun. org www. scribd. com www. wikihow. org ——————————————————— Business Communication Business Communication Md. Tarikul Islam Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Topics Today q Topics Today u Course Outline  §  §  §  § Course introduction Topics included in the course Evaluation method What to expect and how to be prepared u Start of the course, if time allows  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ The Course q Welcome!! u To the Course-Business Communication o? Course code: EMBA 501 o? To the students of EMBA Program o? This is a three credit course where one learns about  § Basics of communication  § Tools in communication o? For class schedule contact EMBA Coordination office  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ The Course: Studying Communication means u Studying communication has three parts o? Theory o? Applying theories in real life o? Feedback on application mentioned above u Therefore we shall o? First study the theory o? Then would know how to use the theories in real life o? Finally we shall check the applications for effectiveness and efficiency  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ The Course: Scope q Scope o? This course is about learning fundamentals of communications and then communicating effectively and efficiently with the available tools in communications  § Therefore the course starts with the learning about communications followed by the lear ning and applications of communication tools available in place  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ The Course: Book q Recommended Book o? We shall follow the book Business Communication by Lesikar  § Buy the latest edition o? Any other materials will be provided in due time  § Please remember that it would be more beneficial to go through more than one book  § Almost all the communication books are more or less on same issues  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ The Course: Contents No Topics 01 Basics of communication 02 Introduction to communication, types of 03 Verbal Communication 04 Culture and communication 05 Non verbal communication 06 Technology and communication 07 General letters and job related letters 08 Curriculum vitae 09 Memorandum 10 Long formal business report 11 Research proposal communication, mediums of communication Contents are subject to change http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/  © Islam, M. T. The Course: Evaluation q Evaluation u There are two evaluations o? One by students and o? One by the course teacher u Evaluation by course teacher o? Final exam for 40 marks o? Continuous Assessment (CA) for 60 marks including class presence  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Evaluation: Final Exam (40 marks) q Final Exam u A comprehensive exam at the end of the semester o? Having 40 marks of value  § You should be prepared for the conceptual question in most cases  § Direct question would be the minimum or rare case u Questions in the final exam mainly will check o? Your overall understandings of the course o? Whether you are able to interpret the theories or not o? Whether you can create something new or not  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Evaluation: CA (60 marks) q Continuous Assessment u Combination of o? Class works, homework, assignments, presentations, case study, viva etc. o? Exams  § Both quiz and class tests  § Either announced or unannounced  § Don’t miss as there won’t be any customization u Weights o? There won’t be any weights to any evaluation criteria. All will be converted into sixty. Final exam marks would be added to CA marks to decide on your grade in the course o? Remember there is no best of  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Evaluation: CA Details u CA Details o? Assignment: You would need to prove  § You can write letter properly  § You are familiar with different aspects of reports  § You know about memorandum o? Presentations  § You would be required to prove that you are familiar with the different aspects of presentations and you can apply them in real life  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Evaluation: CA Details u CA Details o? Report writing as the final part  § Build up groups according to directions  § Write a long formal business report  § Almost at the end of semester your group will present  § Others will evaluate you including question and answer sessions  § Participation by all is mandatory and beneficial!!!  § Make sure you are NOT a sleeping member!  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Evaluation: Sleeping Member u Sleeping Member o? Never and ever be a sleeping member o? You will be traced out and your grade will be severely damaged o? How?  § On any of the works like assignments, presentations etc. you will be evaluated individually even though you work in the group  § In time of evaluation if you fail to prove yourself, it would not matter how good you have been working in the group, you will not score maximum!  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Evaluation: Group Formation Directions q Group formation directions u Form a group o? Of five members each o? Group number will be decided by me o? Each group would have a group leader and one female member at least! o? Submit the list within the next class! o? Once the list is given, it would be treated as final one. Anyone not included in the list will form a single member group and will be evaluated for 80% marks i. e. (60*40%)*80% For what o? Can be for assignment, presentation, viva, case study, article reading, term paper etc. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/  © Islam, M. T. Evaluation: Group Works q Group Works u You work in group but will be evaluated individually; therefore you have the chance to prove yourself to advance your grade! u However, what would be seen whe n you work in group is†¦ o? You accumulate all the possibilities at maximum o? You have a mentionable group chemistry o? Don t try to be a leader by yourself o? Rather try to be a spontaneous leader! o? By the way what is group work and why to work in group?  © Islam, M. T. ttp://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Evaluation: Report Theme u What to write about? o? Theme of the report  § You want to introduce a new venture in your area. Before you take the final decision you like to check the different aspects of the proposed venture. Write a formal report about those different aspects following the formalities in report writing. o? You can include whatever you want based on your imagination or the real life facts o? You will be graded based on your communication capability and your compliance with the report writing formalities!  § We shall discuss different formalities of report throughout the course Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Evaluation: Some Point s to Mind! q Some Points to Mind o? In group works you will be graded individually, but your group chemistry contributes to your earnings o? Never be a sleeping member o? In case of presentation  § Quality of the presenter  § Quality of the presentation  § Quality of the presentation content  § Quality of the group works†¦. ALL WILL BE CONSIDERED o? There is a probability that all group works will be followed by either viva or presentation; be ready for that! o? Each group will present one topic of the course; will be detailed later on! Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Evaluation Summary†¦. q To mind for evaluation o? There would be no best of o? All would be converted in to 60 o? There is special treatment for class presence o? Honesty is extremely expected and dishonesty will be severely penalized  § In case of dishonesty you will be informed and your answer script will not be evaluated! o? You MUST prove yourself or your group; make me feel that you deserve the marks  § I would expect higher level maturity, integrity, creativity, and professionalism in all of your works!  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Class Presence+/Participation u Not class presence but class participation  § I might assign some marks for the participation and presence in class depending on the situation  § Maximum five marks would be given for this purpose  § Be in class in time if you don’t want to miss the class  § Late coming is strongly discouraged  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Evaluation: Grading Scale q Grading Scale o? Grading  § Unless otherwise specified the grading policy is according to the UGC rules  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Teaching Method: Overall Approach q Overall Approach Approach o? Always we-we with win-win solution rater than I-we approach u Evaluation o? I never believe in the memorizing and vomiting in the exam o? You have a head up your shoulder; you have to use that o? I want something original for you; at the end of the course that would be the sole benefit for you and me o? Most importantly I want an honest and disciplined manner  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Teaching Method: Contact q Contact u In the class o? You can stop me at any time in the class o? Please keep asking as long as you are not fully satisfied with a topic u Outside class ? Mail me at [email  protected] com o? I strongly suggest this one as I am pretty regular in mail; please don t expect answer of your problem over cell or instantly u Course related communication o? At http://sites. google. com/site/kjcourses/  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ The Course: Brief Summary q Brief Summary o? The course  § EMBA 501: Business Communication  § Three credit hour course o? Evaluation  § Continuous assessment of 60 marks  § Final exam of 40 marks o? Recommended book  § Business Communication by Lesikar, latest edition preffered o? Course Related communication  § At http://sites. google. com/site/kjcourses/  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Use your head! q Start thinking u What is very important is o? Use your head o? Don t bother about the head of Mr. Lesikar o? Use your head from the point where Lesikar stopped  § To become innovative  § To become successful  § To have or to secure an open mind  § Most specifically to earn good grade in the exam!!  § I never believe in memorizing and vomiting in the exam!  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Any Question? u Coming up†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. o? Course contents o? Basics of communication  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Course  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ The Course: Contents No Topics 01 Basics of communication 02 Introduction to communication, types of 03 Verbal Communication 04 Culture and communication 05 Non verbal communication 06 Technology and communication 07 General letters and job related letters 08 Curriculum vitae 09 Memorandum 10 Long formal business report 11 Research proposal communication, mediums of communication Contents are subject to change http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/  © Islam, M. T. Course Contents u Basics of communication  §  §  § Defining communication Types of communication Why to read communication at all? Actors in communication u Verbal communication  § Informal oral communication  § Formal oral communication  § Technology in the oral communication  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Course Contents u Cross cultural communication o? Difference in culture à ‚ § What is culture?  § What are the various dimensions of culture?  § How culture can influence the communication? u Non verbal communication  § Types  § Creativity in communication  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Course Contents u Letters and memorandum  §  §  §  § Introduction to memorandum How to write memorandum Introduction to letters How to write formal letter  »? Job related letters u Long Formal Business Report  § Report writing  § Different aspects of report writing  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Course Contents u Curriculum Vitae  § CV and Resume  § Writing CV and resume u Research Proposal  § Various elements of research proposal  § How to write a research proposal  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Course Contents: Presentation u Presentation  § One/two group presentation(s) would be followed by after the completion of each topic.  § After the formation of group we shall fix who presents what  § What you do is†¦  »? You prepare slides  »? You simply summarize the topic  »? Others question you  »? But you don t present or copy my slides!!  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Something missing? u Yes, its WRITING o? This is one of the most important aspects of communication o? Because of the greater importance of the topic we shall not study this as one single topic o? Rather we shall talk about writing throughout the whole course under various topics o? Try to grab any materials on writing from any source for the betterment of you!  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Any Question? u Coming up†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. o? Basics of communication  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Basics of  © Islam, M. T. Communication http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Basics of communication q Contents of the topic o? What is communication? o? Different aspects of communication  § Actors/components in the process  § Mediums  § Methods  § Constraints etc. o? Why communication to read formally? o? Communication in the business place o? Summarizing the topic!  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ No me-you, always we-we!! Speak up! Try to communicate in the class! Your participation will be counted!!  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ What is communication? What does communication mean to you? Any idea?  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ De? ning communication u Communication defined o? Communication is the process of sharing our ideas, thoughts, and feelings with other people and having those ideas, thoughts and feelings understood by the people we are communicating with u Components in communication process o? Message sender o? Message receiver o? Message itself o? Medium o? Method o? Noise etc.  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Key features in communication u Communication is successful when the message is received as the same one that has been sent  § Therefore understanding is the key element u It s a both way process which is continuous  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Methods of communication q Methods in communication o? Verbal o? Written o? Electronic o? Audio o? Visual o? Meetings o? Notice board o? Text!!  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Mediums of communication q Mediums in communication o? Letters o? Memo o? Reports o? Fax o? Telephone o? Email o? o? o? o? o? Notice board Internet Video/video conferencing Body language Face to face  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Which medium to use? q Available mediums o? Letters o? Memo o? Reports o? Fax o? Telephone o? Email o? Notice board o? Internet o? V i d e o / v i d e o conferencing o? Body language o? Face to face q Choice of medium is affected by u Need for record u Direction of the information flow u Number of people to be reached u Confidentiality u Nature of the informationlength, complexity, emergency need u Cost of the medium etc.  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Why communication fails? u Did any of your communication failed? u How did that happen to you? Was that just miscommunication or lack of understanding?  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Constraints to successful communication q Internal o? Fatigue o? Poor listening skills o? Poor communication skills o? Attitude toward the sender or information o? Mistrust o? Fear o? Past experience o? Halo effect o? Perception  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Constraints to successful communication q External o? Noise o? Distractions o? Technical problems (email, internet, phone service) o? Time o? Environment  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Why to read communication? u Information is power and basis for almost all success stories o? But†¦..  § Information gathering and processing matters; demand learning of communication  § Communication skills helps one to  »? Gather and process information properly and in time  »? Solve problem easily through improved decision making  »? Work in a team effectively and efficiently  § Information must be communicated in a proper way; so  »? Communication capability works  »? Communication in professional life requires something different than the usual communication practice  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Why to read communication? q Careers in communication o? In Bangladesh still a narrow one and not recognized yet! o? But in developed part of the globe quite recognized! o? Because of specialization practice a good prospect is waiting ahead!!  § Examples include customer service, tourism, government administration, advertising, media, and event management etc.  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Communication in business q Business Communication ? Transferring information from one part of the business to another that leads to some outcome, changed behaviour or changed practice  § It can be formal or informal, upward or downward  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Communication in business Finance Dept Change in payment systems E-mail Sender or Instigator Channel Medium Feedback Rece iver  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Types of communication u Communication can be of different types considering the situation. Some of them are here  § Formal and informal  § Upward and downward  § Internal and external u However we are basically concerned of the overall classification of communications  § Verbal: presentation, audio, voice message, face to face etc.  § Non verbal: written, letter, memorandum, report, email, fax etc.  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Barriers to successful communication in business q Barriers to Successful Communication o? Ability of the sender – how much the sender understands of the message they are trying to send o? Content – including technicalities and jargon o? Method of communication – including style and body language where appropriate! o? Skills and attitude of the receiver o? Organisational factors – complexity of the organisation, scope of the organisation o? Cultural attitudes o? Perceptions, prejudices and stereotypes o? Inappropriate target for the message o? Technical capabilities – ICT!  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Communication @  © Islam, M. T. Workplace http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Workplace Communication u By workplace communication we actually mean business communication o? Business communication  § Transferring information from one part of the business to another that leads to some outcome, changed behaviour or changed practice  § It can be formal or informal, upward or downward  § Scope of the business communication includes all the business activities corporations involve themselves  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Communication in the workplace u Importance of communication  § Business needs it extensively because of expanding need of coordination, effectiveness, and efficiency  § Specialization has made the field of communication a recognized one!  § But unfortunately most people don t communicate well!!! u Coordination, effectiveness, and efficiency  § Think about Unilever  § Information flows in the company Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Major forms of business communication q Two major types of communication in workplace u Operational o? According to operational plan, to attain some goals or to handle some situations to convert them in favor! o? Again two types are here  § Internal operational communication  »? Communication among the people i nside an organization  »? To perform the main business activities  »? These are kind of routine business activities like instructions from the teammates  »? Computer and intranet are two major technology being used!  § External operational communication ? Communication with the people that are outside of the organization  »? It helps company to develop a better image  »? Communication with suppliers, public relations activities etc.  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Major forms of business communication u Personal o? Not according to operational plan, simple one to one or one to many communication in an organization  § Examples can be personal communication, gossiping, joking, story telling, communication sitting at the company dining room etc. o? Can be an outstanding source of innovation!  § Innovation  »? What and why?  »? What are the alternatives in case you can’t innovate? o? Will you allow this kind of communication while it costs you?  § Does it cost? How? How much?  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Communication networks in organizations u Formal network  § A simplified form of information flow network transmits information in all directions (upward, downward, and lateral)  § These flow is defined formally u Informal network  § A quite complex information flow network mainly based on personal communication  § This is affected by individual s involvement and membership in various groups and entities  © Islam, M. T. ttp://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Upward/downward/lateral communication u Upward communication  § Communication that originate from the bottom of the organization and heading to top of the organization u Downward communication  § Communication heading to the bottom of the organization after being originated at the top u Lateral communica tion  § This is the communication in between people in the same level or group  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ A situation to react ! q Some organizations are quite central in decision making. All the decisions are coming from the top of the organization o? Does that mean that in those organizations there are not upward communication? o? If there are any kind of upward communication in those organizations, would there be any difference in decision making? o? Are there any difference at all in between communication and decision making?  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ How much to communicate? q Does all the sender send full message? u Unfortunately NO o? What do you do when you communicate?  § You communicate fully? Why or why not? o? What does the companies do in Bangladesh? Give some examples! o? How much a company should disclose?  § Can a company disclose all at a certain time? o? Remember the negative effects of incomplete message is sometime dangerous  § Also mark the gap between ‘company can’t disclose’ and ‘company does not disclose’  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Communication process u Sender sends the message  § Sender prepares the message and decides on the methods and mediums  § He/she sends the message u Message in the sensory world  § Once the message is sent, its in the world of lots of other messages along with noises  § Messages waits to be detected  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Communication process u Message is detected o? Receiver detects the message o? Based on the ability to decode receiver decodes the message o? How much of the original message will be detected depends on lots of factors including  § Noise  § Past experiences  § Knowledge  § Perceptions, prejudices, stereotyping o? The message may not get the original shape!  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Communication process u Giving meaning to the message  § Receiver gives meaning to the received message  § Once again it depends how he/she will give meaning to the message! u Reply is sent  § Receiver replies to the sender  § This is called feedback which makes the whole process continuous  § But not necessarily reply is always sent!  »? How would you feel in that case?  »? Why feedback is so important? o? The process continues  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Oral vs Written communication q Oral vs Written  § Written communication is likely to include more creative efforts  § Written communication is normally lengthier than the oral communication  § Written communication usually involves a limited number of cycles  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Some facts of communication Meanings sent are not always received  § No two minds have identical filters  § But closer the meaning more success are gained  § What can you do to bring the more synergy? u Meaning is in the mind  § Meaning comes up from mind rather than words or symbols used  § What to do? u The symbols of communication are imperfect  § Symb ols don’t have unique meanings  § Meaning of symbols varies to receiver; nodding  § Across culture symbols have different meanings  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ q Thank You! q Any Question?!  © Islam, M. T. http://sites. google. com/site/kjatbd/ Business Communication The company started the operations for the year 2008-09 on a very positive note and later registered negative growth in the last quarters of the year. The company suffered major losses in the year and approached the bank for additional term loan of three crores and fifty lakhs. The trial production of the new perfume is successfully completed and commercial production will commence as early as possible this year Mr. Riktesh Khanna ,the Quality manager will not be able to review the performance of the product trails before the launch of the product . According to marketing head of south india the unanimity of the current forecasts is not an incontrovertible evidence of impending business acceleration . The survey stating the ambiguous nature of the market is another reason, which calls for another look at the new product launch and appears that the product has to be postponed indefinitely. The company conducted a review meeting for the workers who are on strike for the last three months , the HR manager decided that the management should take a sympathetic and linient action on the workers and those who did not attend the meeting will be dealt seriously according to IAC 37,inorder to maintain the sanctity of office and uphold the hoary traditions . Theapprehensions faced by the workers during the strike period are that they are not able to set realistic goalsand arrive at rational and reasonable decisions in terms of wages and benefits offered by the company. This is because workers have minimal exposure to outside world and more external influences. while the other reasons are frustration and stress to the workers and their family, incorrect self appraisal ,negative feedback by the representatives of trade union. HR manager should appoint counsellors to orient them to companys’ policies and ethos and should allocate sufficient funds for this purpose. The project report on the new project was due yesterday. Since the completion of the report is very important for our organisation to achieve the strategic plan by launching the product successfully. Submit the report before 5 pm tomorrow. Business Communication The company started the operations for the year 2008-09 on a very positive note and later registered negative growth in the last quarters of the year. The company suffered major losses in the year and approached the bank for additional term loan of three crores and fifty lakhs. The trial production of the new perfume is successfully completed and commercial production will commence as early as possible this year Mr. Riktesh Khanna ,the Quality manager will not be able to review the performance of the product trails before the launch of the product . According to marketing head of south india the unanimity of the current forecasts is not an incontrovertible evidence of impending business acceleration . The survey stating the ambiguous nature of the market is another reason, which calls for another look at the new product launch and appears that the product has to be postponed indefinitely. The company conducted a review meeting for the workers who are on strike for the last three months , the HR manager decided that the management should take a sympathetic and linient action on the workers and those who did not attend the meeting will be dealt seriously according to IAC 37,inorder to maintain the sanctity of office and uphold the hoary traditions . Theapprehensions faced by the workers during the strike period are that they are not able to set realistic goalsand arrive at rational and reasonable decisions in terms of wages and benefits offered by the company. This is because workers have minimal exposure to outside world and more external influences. while the other reasons are frustration and stress to the workers and their family, incorrect self appraisal ,negative feedback by the representatives of trade union. HR manager should appoint counsellors to orient them to companys’ policies and ethos and should allocate sufficient funds for this purpose. The project report on the new project was due yesterday. Since the completion of the report is very important for our organisation to achieve the strategic plan by launching the product successfully. Submit the report before 5 pm tomorrow.