Roman Coins And Its Impact On Public Opinion - 2237 Words

The most commonplace of objects, we hardly give coins a thought as they pass through our hands day by day. Across the ages, however, coins have been deliberately employed for the purpose of delivering political messages and conveying and reinforcing images of power. Even today, empty even the most committed Australian republican’s wallet and you will most likely find a coin decorated with the image of the queen. You might say she is our most constant companion. Surviving Roman coinage is plentiful and examples exist which date from the Republic in third century BCE right through to Byzantine times. The authors of antiquity have left very little information about the coins they would have handled on a regular basis and so our understanding†¦show more content†¦So how did they shape the perceptions of the people, including the illiterate plebeian’s, in their favour? How did they transmit their power to the furthest reaches of their territory and achieve, maintain and promote an atmosphere of peace, prosperity and good governance when Rome was in conflict? While written works, such as the pro-Roman writings of Livy, were used as propaganda, the influence of these writings was restricted to the literate and largely to those who could read Latin. Coined money on the other hand, which permitted and fostered unlimited economic communication would be seen and handled by people of all social ranks across the empire. Coined money came to Rome from Greece, the first society with a markedly monetized economy. While the Roman’s employed coins during the early Republican period, minted in bronze as a means of state payment (of which the army was the main recipient), these coins were not uniform across their territory and are relatively rare. By 289 BCE coinage was controlled by the Senate and pieces clearly recognizable as coins in bronze, silver and gold, began appearing in Rome. These coins were stamped with motifs and symbols that were relevant and of interest to the Roman state, however, the purpose of this marking was primarily to distinguish coin value, i.e. the denarius coin was marked by the â€Å"Roma† head and the as by Janus. It wasn’t until the late Republic era that this system of

American Invovment in Vietnam Essay - 881 Words

In American History, the nineteen sixties and the nineteen seventies were extremely turbulent and controversial times. Protest rights were being tested and occasionally suppressed, new moral and political values began to develop, and the Vietnam War dominated the twenty-year period. Vietnam invited many young activist people to begin a huge movement of anti-war protesting denouncing the war, the government, and even the soldiers who were picked against their will to fight. Reasons for American entry into the Vietnam War are controversial, and everyone has a different opinion on why we got into the conflict. Multiple reasons contributed to the entry in Vietnam from support of allies who were fighting their battles, to the fact that the†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another reason for American entry into the Vietnam War was the commitment that had formerly been made by the French and the Americans into the fight or the support of the fight in Vietnam for the Fr ench colony. The French had been fighting for an Indochina colony after World War Two to benefit them, but at the same time had been struggling with domestic costs and issues. American support to the French in the form of millions of dollars to support the war failed, but officially committed to Americans to a cause in Vietnam in the American governments eyes. In 1954, at Dienbienphu the French military forces came into conflict with the North Vietnamese forces, called the Vietminh after their leader Ho Chi Minh, being defeated and leaving the Communist Vietnamese the victors. The French negotiations left a border at the 17th parallel making North Vietnam the communist half of the country while the Southern half was the democratic portion. An election was set up to decide whether the government was to become communist or democratic. American officials would not stand for this agreement realizing that it would fall to the communist, so they replaced the French in South Vietnam and began to train the South Vietnamese Army. This would soon lead us into the actual cause

Poem explication Life at War Essay Example For Students

Poem explication Life at War Essay War! Its around us all the time. If were not at war then there is always some other country around the world that is. Its all over movies and all over the news everyday. Almost always showing the same thing, violence and innocent lives being taken. There are many people that disagree with the idea of War. As I read the poem, Life at War by Levertov, I started to realize that she might be one of these people. Sometimes the images that people get from reading a poem cant be found until they have read it many times. Then and only then does that person have a full and complete understanding of what they are reading. In the poem she talks about War and how it affects human life for the bad. The poem portrays the image that Levertov is against War and that mankind will never be able to live at peace because of War. The first reason why I believe that Levertov is against the idea of War is the way she speaks of Man. In the poem she cant believe how man could do such things to one another. She cant believe that such a sensitive being can do such harmful and hateful things to each other. She says, these acts are one to our own flesh(964). By that she is saying that these acts of War that we as people convince ourselves that it is necessary(964) is actually done to our own flesh because we are killing people just like ourselves. People who have families, loved ones, and people who are living their lives to make a living for their families. She doesnt understand how we as people can kill someone else who is so much like ourselves. Someone who laughs and cries just the way do. The second reason why I believe that she is against War is the way she speaks of war and how it has become a part of our lives in everything we do. She claims that The disasters numb within us caught in the chest, rolling in the brain like pebbles(963). By this she means that people have become numb to all the pain and suffering that go along with the acts of War. We as people dont feel remorse for the people we kill at war. We think that were doing the right thing when we take that other persons life, but does that person even have anything to do with the reason why the war is being fought? Most often hes just a person chosen to go off and die for his country. She goes on to say, our nerve filaments twitch with its presence day and night. Nothing we say has not the husky phlegm of it in the saying(964). She is saying that everything we say and do carries the presence of War within it. People have almost become immune to it and have accepted such a horrid thing as a part of our lives. According to Levertov mankind will not be able to live at peace because of the presence of War around us all the time. She says, nothing we do has the quickness, the sureness, the deep intelligence living at peace would have(964). Her argument here is that we can never be at peace when there is the presence of War around us. In order for mankind to live at peace we would have to feel safe from the though of War. With the presence of War always there we can not be at peace in our minds and in the things we do everyday. We cant get rid of War or just shut it out. It only goes away when the people of the world are at peace with each other. Its in our history, its here now in the present, and it will definitely be in our future for many years to come. After reading this poem over and over these images became clearer each time I read it. .ucea57d4d85528567b5a66b5c9b14cb42 , .ucea57d4d85528567b5a66b5c9b14cb42 .postImageUrl , .ucea57d4d85528567b5a66b5c9b14cb42 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucea57d4d85528567b5a66b5c9b14cb42 , .ucea57d4d85528567b5a66b5c9b14cb42:hover , .ucea57d4d85528567b5a66b5c9b14cb42:visited , .ucea57d4d85528567b5a66b5c9b14cb42:active { border:0!important; } .ucea57d4d85528567b5a66b5c9b14cb42 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucea57d4d85528567b5a66b5c9b14cb42 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucea57d4d85528567b5a66b5c9b14cb42:active , .ucea57d4d85528567b5a66b5c9b14cb42:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucea57d4d85528567b5a66b5c9b14cb42 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucea57d4d85528567b5a66b5c9b14cb42 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucea57d4d85528567b5a66b5c9b14cb42 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucea57d4d85528567b5a66b5c9b14cb42 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucea57d4d85528567b5a66b5c9b14cb42:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucea57d4d85528567b5a66b5c9b14cb42 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucea57d4d85528567b5a66b5c9b14cb42 .ucea57d4d85528567b5a66b5c9b14cb42-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucea57d4d85528567b5a66b5c9b14cb42:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Shakespeare's "Sonnet 116," Andrew Marvell's "To His Coy Mistress," and John Clare's "First Love" EssayI began to see that she was indeed against the thought of War and possibly could have suffered from the things that were seen on the battlefield. Her arguments are strong and supported in her thoughts. The main images in the poem are that mankind has been corrupted by these images of War. Our world has accepted War as a part of their lives and believe it is a necessary thing to survive. Her take is different in that she thinks that War is not needed and wishes that the world could live at peace together without the fear and thought of War.

Theories of crime free essay sample

One such influential psychological theory of crime is by Bowlby (1969), who emphasized that crime is the product of attachment insecurity with the mother. Bowlby identified that the type of attachment relationship in childhood leads to the development of a cognitive framework known as the internal working model which consists of mental representations for understanding the world, self and others. A person’s actions and interactions are guided by this internal working model and influences their contact with others (Bretherton Munholland, 1999) and their understanding of the world. This impairment in their internal working model as a result of deprivation could result in conditions such as a cold affectionless character and delinquency (Bowlby, 1951). This is related to future criminal behaviour by causing the inability to show affection or concern for others and little regard for the consequences of their actions and their impact on others. This notion was heavily influenced by his study of 44 juvenile thieves and 44 control children. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of crime or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Through interviewing parents, it was found that 40% of the juvenile thieves (compared to 2% of controls) had been separated from their mother for 6 months or more during childhood. A third of the juvenile thieves had an affectionless character compared with none of the controls and this meant that Bowlby concluded that the thieves stole because of their lack of concern for others. This provided strong evidence for Bowlby’s theory as it indicated that prolonged separation increased the risk of showing affectionless psychopathy and juvenile behaviour. This research used case studies which provide thoroughly comprehensive and rich data. However, it must be noted that we should be wary to generalize as the findings concern the specific subject alone. Furthermore, the research was correlational and non-experimental. Due to ethical reasons, deprivation could not be manipulated as the independent variable so cause and effect cannot be inferred. We simply cannot assume that deprivation was the direct cause of affectionless psychopathy within the thieves as Unlike Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth, another key figure in the attachment theory used three specific types of insecure attachment: anxious avoidant, anxious anxious ambivalent and disorganized. Mary Ainsworth (REFERENCE), conducted ‘The Strange Situation’ – standardized laboratory research. Maybe add sample criticism – normal controls. The insecure attachment styles identified by Ainsworth have had a large influence on the way researchers viewed attachment and has influenced much further research on the relationship between attachment relationships in childhood and attachment disorders in adult life that lead to crime. Models of adult attachment have been developed by Bartholomew (1991) which found that childhood attachment types are predictive of adult attachment styles. Bartholemew (1991) in particular highlights the avoidant attachment which has been indicated in previous literature as prevalent in offenders. Bartholemew separated the avoidant attachment style into fearful and dismissive. Fearful style individuals have a negative view of self and others and blames others for their own hostility. This means that fearful offenders may focus on a victim whom they think has caused their inability to bond. They may blame the victim for their hostility and will lack remorse for their own crimes (Ward Hudson, 1996) (CITE) A dismissive offender has a positive view of self and a negative view of others; leading them to be very narcissistic. They may see victims as objects which means that sadistic traits are developed and the victims worth is devalued (Ward Hudson, 1996). It has been found by Ward et al (1996) (CITE) that paedophiles often show this attachment style characterized by their need for intimacy and fear of abandonment. As well as the avoidant attachment style the dismissive attachment style has also been shown to be predictive of crime. Ijzendoorn et al (1997), found that (GET REFERENCE) out of 40 male serious offenders, most had insecure attachment style (95%) with 53% in particular a disorganised insecure attachment. Fonagy, 1997 also found that a disorganised attachment was most predictive of violent behaviour (Fonagy et al, 1996). Fonagy (1999) (CITE) stated that relationship violence is an exaggerated response of a disorganised attachment in childhood. Rapists and violent offenders often show this dismissive style. From this evidence, it appears that different attachment styles are associated with specific types of offending. Despite being an extremely influential theory, it is now regarded to have overestimated the impact of early life experiences on later offending. It makes the assumption that an insecure attachment will lead to criminal behaviour. However, not all offenders with an attachment disorder in adult life are found to have had an insecure attachment in childhood and not all offenders are found to have an insecure attachment. Therefore despite an insecure attachment being a contributing factor to crime, this theory cannot provide a comprehensive theory on crime. Another psychological theory of crime is that of operant conditioning. The behaviourist, Skinner (1974) said that the best way of explaining behaviour is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences. Skinner stressed that behaviour can be modified through applying operant conditioning: the use of positive and negative reinforcement and punishment as consequences of the actions. Reinforcers strengthen behaviour (negative reinforcement removes an aversive consequence and positive reinforcement presents a positive consequence) whilst punishers reduce the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated. Operant conditioning is based on the idea that when a behaviour is followed by a particular consequence such as a reward, it is more likely to recur than a behaviour that is followed by a punishment. Through the consequences, behaviours are either reinforced or eliminated. However, a criticism of this is that the punishment of imprisonment does not always deter people from committing crimes. However, it may be that prison does not seem like a large punishment to someone with a troubled upbringing and actually may provide a better environment than their home life. Jeffrey (1965) (CITE) states that criminal behaviour develops through operant conditioning. However, Bandura highlighted that reinforcers aren’t vital for behaviour to be learned. Behaviours may also occur by simply observing a model take part in the behaviour. Bandura (1961) (CITE) called this social learning theory and demonstrated it through the Bobo Doll experiment. Children saw a model either acting aggressively or non aggressively towards a Bobo doll (kicking and punching it). Children exposed to the aggressive model displayed more direct imitation than those exposed to the non-aggressive model. Those exposed to the non aggressive model showed much less aggressive behaviour than those exposed to the aggressive model. This study devalues the importance of operant conditioning in learning as it shows that not all behaviours depend on reinforcers and punishment and can be simply learned through observation. However, it is often questioned whether the children would have reacted in the same aggressive way towards a real person rather than a bobo doll, which raises issues about the ecological validity of the study. There is evidence to show that aggressive behaviour does get copied such as through observing it in the media (find evidence) and the theory has practical applications for rehabilitation of offenders through the use of positive role models reinforcing behaviour. However, social learning theory does not provide an explanation for opportunistic crime which has not been observed or learnt such as murder.