Policing: Police and Stakeholder Groups

Community policing is a method of enforcing the law and philosophy based on the perception that collaboration and support of the society and police can help reduce crime, the fear of crime and to alleviate the social problems that lead to crime and. The members of the community help to identify suspects, to restrain offenders, report crimes to police and to address the social problems that lead to increase in the crime rates in the first place.Community policing advocates for organizational strategies that incorporate community-police partnerships and problem-solving methods, which seek to deal with the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as social disorder fear of crime and crime itself. There are three gears of community policing; collaboration with the community, resolving the problem affecting the community and transformation of the police organization (Trojanowicz & Bucqueroux, 1994). Other attributes of community policing are partnership, personaliz ed approach, permanent, proactive, patrols and problem solving.Community partnerships refer to the collaboration between the police and the members of the community they serve. These include individuals, private businesses, organizations, community groups, media, and other government agencies. It involves bringing together the law enforcers and various stakeholder groups together so that they develop solutions to the problems and build trust in the police. These partnerships give the stakeholder groups an opportunity to input their ideas and views into the police process; this is done as part of community support and participation.Organizational Transformation involves the restructuring of the structure, information systems, personnel, and management practices to take in the community partnerships and problem solving. It seeks to reinvent the police departments, transform their leadership organizational culture, relationship with other stakeholder groups and agencies, service delive ry, and improve the public perception of the police. The transformation seeks to move away from the traditional view of police to a better force.An example is the shift from the traditional view that the police are the principal government agency that enforces the law to the community policing view that police are community members and all the stakeholder groups are the police; the police officers are just employed to dedicate their full time to the duties of every community member (Palmiotto, 2000). Problem solving involves the engagement of the law enforcers and stakeholder groups in analyzing and identifying the problems and then developing appropriate effective responses.Trojanowicz et al. (1998) explains the SARA (Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment) model of problem solving which is applied in community policing projects. Scanning: identifying the problems based on priorities. Analysis: entails finding out the known facts about the problem. Response: entails coming up with solutions, which will permanently reduce incidences and extent of problems. Assessment: determining whether the problems have changed, and establishing the outcome of the responses.Police subculture refers to a situation where the police officers, instead of adhering to the set professional code of conduct, they come up with their own individual code of ethics. They put loyalty to their fellow colleagues first at the expense of protecting and serving the community. Palmiotto (2000) describes it as â€Å"the blue curtain† and some of its characteristics are cynicism, isolation from others, tribal/racist and ethnic. This clannish mindset results from three factors. First, police officers are the only real crime fighters and are easily identified because of uniforms, badges and guns.Secondly, they have a similar way of life; only police can understand police. They face the same challenges, risks, dangers, and rewards which the public do not have an idea. Lastly, that they are targets of criminals and perceive that various stakeholder groups such as concerned individuals, politicians and bureaucrats do not support them. It is true racist notions of certain communities dominate that police subculture. After the 1970s' police reforms, there has been a gradual rise in minority officers. By mid 1990s, African American officers composed most of the force in Detroit, Washington, D. C. , and Atlanta.However, in states like Miami, Hispanic and African American officers comprised 48 percent and 17 percent respectively (Walker, 1999). Supporters of these transformational efforts recommended that minority officers had less likelihood of using force against minority suspects, and were less likely to be biased against them. Further, they suggested that minority officers would have an improved connection with minority citizens. Indeed, studies have proven that there exists major difference in the attitudes of white officers and minority citizens, though only a smal l number of differences in actual behavior and performance have been reported.Such other noteworthy differences are also seen in the attitudes of minority and white officers toward community policing policies. For instance, a research on police officers working in minority districts in New York City shows that minority officers had positive attitudes about the districts and citizens in the districts they worked. Compared to their white counterparts, it was found out that minority officers adopted a positive attitude towards the community policing initiatives and the society, (Walker, 1999). Besides the race discrimination, there also is the gender bias.With the steady rise in the number of female officers, there have been many theories advanced concerning the attitudes and conduct of males compared to female officers. Those supporting the recruitment of more female officers argued that females would conduct themselves better verbally when handling difficult circumstances, and would be less aggressive. Those against the hiring of female officers put forward the fact that female officers were poor in handling aggressive situations, and faced greater risk resulting in the rise, in officer safety problem.Additionally, they disputed the capabilities of female officers arguing that they would be more like social workers than law enforcers would. Studies have indicated that there are no major variations in attitudes, performance, and on-job-conduct between male and female officers; however, there is a subculture, which underscores the existence of gender discrimination (Palmiotto, 2000). These notions have eventually evolved to police subcultures, which are widely practiced by the police officers.These notions become practices because officers believe that they have the freedom and the right to act or make a judgment based on their own independent choice and thought. The police work usually draws individuals who are naturally dictatorial and guarded; new recruits int o the police force are socialized in the environment full of the subcultures leads to the development and adoption of these traits. Cynicism starts in the military-type police training colleges and gradually rises with years of service; lack of job satisfaction and promotions usually precipitates it (Trojanowicz & Bucqueroux, 1994).Some of these widespread subcultures are intimidation, offensive language, harassment, and unnecessary or excessive use of force. Others are the codes of silence and the â€Å"cop code† (Lawrence, 2010). In the codes of silence, the officer covers evidence, assaults a suspect, or breaks a law to implement another; other officers either overlook or abet contravention of their professional code of ethics. A famed incident of law transgression by the police officers is Rampart scandal in which many of Los Angeles Police Department officers engaged in wanton shootings, assault, faking evidence and drug trafficking (Lawrence, 2010).The cop code comes in when the society feels that the police officers do not follow their code of conduct; it cultivates a sense of mistrust and contempt of the police department. In minority areas, the public starts to view the police as a face for ethnic discrimination. Because of this, the community loses trust in police and refuses to in help them solve crimes and may sometimes culminate in riots. To overcome these embedded notions, a lot needs to be done. Some measures that can be used include controlling the day-to-day police work, raising the education standards for recruits, and improving training.It is widely argued that officers with higher education levels are better equipped to deal with the demanding duties of police officer, their conduct is better, are more likely to use alternatives to arrest, and more restrained in using force against suspects. This is clearly demonstrated in female and minority officers, where it has been proven that officers with higher education have a better view co mmunity policing and more positive attitude towards the citizens (Trojanowicz et al. 1998). Necessary reforms should be instituted and an independent, internal affairs monitoring system be put in place.Watchdogs and community organizations can help make sure that the police force is free of misconduct and corruption. The professional code of conduct and ethics for police officers should be designed in such a way that it incorporates the universal principles of policing. According to Walker (1999), the code should incorporate three important aspects; it should ensure equal protection for all in spite of race, gender, identity, or social status of the lawbreaker. The rule of law must apply to everyone including the law enforcers, and the police must be of high moral conduct greater than that of many members of the public.It should have checks and balances to prevent abuse of power and illegitimate use their power for personal gain. There should be clear guidelines on the use of force; policies should limit the use of excessive force on unarmed or non-dangerous criminals. There should be improved supervision and necessary disciplinary measures taken for the officers who contravene the professional code of conduct. In addition, psychological screenings and intensive screening of the backgrounds of potential police officers should be done to avoid officers with antisocial personalities (Walker, 1999).Community policing involves the police-stakeholder groups partnerships to identify and solve the crimes and social disorders that affect the community through delivering police services and problem-solving tactics. It seeks to alleviate the fear of crime and ensure security and prosperity of the community. In implementing a community-policing program, the first step should be identifying and prioritizing the problems facing the community. The police subcultures play an important role as they can help to identify the possible drawbacks and causes of these problems.The m istrust in the police and few rogue individuals among the officers could be the cause and working on them could reverse the social problems facing the community. The police subcultures also help to understand the challenges to community policing, to identify whether the actual policing is taking place and to determine the future trends of community policing. The existence of a subculture shows that officers have several attitudes, values, and beliefs that are common to them. These practices, attitude, values, and beliefs are passed from officer to officer via the process of socialization.These subcultures can aid in implementing community policing in that if the staffing, instruction, and on-the-street experiences of new recruits that socialize them into the police subculture are positive, the whole police force gradually becomes transformed positively. They can help to build a positive image of the police force. By creating, the trust of community members in the police, they will l ead to new collaborations in the betterment of the community welfare, and community policing as a whole.

Middle East case studies: Elixir Technology

1.  Ã‚  Entering the Middle East market through Malaysia is the best alternative at this time. Malaysia has a market not dissimilar with that of the Middle East. Entering Middle East via this option gives the Company an opportunity to partner with a company which has insights on working in a Muslim country. This way, Elixir is not starting with zero knowledge since this entry strategy is a duplication of what it did in Japan. 2.  Ã‚  Elixir develops and sells computer software which includes the stand-alone and the server-side versions of the Elixir Report. These two versions provide business an enterprise-class reporting solution. ER â€Å"was designed for high-performance operation, capable of handling large report generation† (O’Neil, 2004, p. 4). As such, Elixir Report is â€Å"able to accommodate multiple input data source types and provide reports in multiple output formats† (O’Neil, 2004, p. 4). Aside from these benefits, ER can support multilingual reporting and platform independence, and can support mobile devices. The core competencies of Elixir for its ER are: Speed in adopting changes in the environment and technologies into ER’s programs and applications. As a matter of Elixir claims that flexibility is built in into the Company’s spirit   (O’Neil, 2004, p. 8). Network with technology vendors. This relationship enables Elixir to rapidly fit its ER into a client’s information system which was sourced from a particular vendor or several vendors. Capacity and capability to localize the Elixir Report into specific customer requirements. This capacity and capability is a result of the unique design of ER which enables Elixir for â€Å"easy modification for accommodating local cultural needs† (O’Neil, 2004, p. 8). 3.  As the Company recognized the positive relationship between its understanding of it’s customers’ technology vendors and the efficiency of the sales process, Elixir made developing partnerships with other technology vendors the basis of its â€Å"marketing, sales and distribution strategy† ((O’Neil, 2004, p. 6). Another component of its marketing strategy is stressing that other technology companies translate their products instead of localizing them as what Elixir does (O’Neil, 2004, p. 8). Also, the Company provided for a free trial of the software which can be downloaded from the Company’s Web site (O’Neil, 2004, p. 9). By scaling the software into different versions and selling licensing agreements, Elixir is able to sell ER at a price 50 percent lower than its competitors. This scalability, however, is not a liability in terms of software performance. 4.  Ã‚  Elixir, as to its plan and strategy to expand outside Singapore, has been averagely successful. For example, in its entry into Japan, the Company’s initial marketing strategy – advertising in international magazines – generated low response from Japanese customers. However, this was remedied with the Company’s partnership with GrapeCity which enabled Elixir to bridge cultural gap and language barriers. This same strategy can be used in entering the Middle east market. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yes, based on the facts presented, it is financially beneficial for Lau Shih Hor to take Elixir into the Middle East. I suggest that Lau pursues a distribution partnership with a Malaysian-based company. This company has a better understanding of the Middle East market than Lau which will allow the Company to better localize ER which is one of the product’s competitive advantages. References O’Neil, E. (2004). Elixir Technology – Entry into the Middle East. Ivey Management Services, pp. 1-24.

GE Healthcare Essay

As is known to all, most successful medical equipment manufacturing companies like GE Healthcare satisfy customers’ need as possible as they can and they are still on the way to improve their supply chains to attract more customers and make themselves more competitive. From this, we can see that customer value which can be defined as â€Å"the customer’s overall assessment of the utility of a product based on perceptions of what is received and what is given† (Zeithaml, 1988, p. 14) plays a very important role in supply chain. In order to analyze the role of customer value and how this puts pressure on the supply chain, this paper will use GE Healthcare as an instance to specifically illustrate the market segment it targets, the nature of customer value, its market qualifiers and order winners and current pressures on the supply chain. GE Healthcare whose general headquarters in the United Kingdom is a $17 billion unit of General Electric Company. GE Healthcare with about 46,000 employees is committed to serving healthcare professionals and its patients in more than 100 countries and it is always looking for innovations to cut down costs, increase access and enhance quality around the world. (GE Healthcare, 2012) GE Healthcare’s market target is roughly divided into two parts, namely medical products and service. This paper will mainly focus on its product market. GE Healthcare produces a wide range of products which can be specifically set off four primary parts. These are Diagnostic & Clinical Equipment, Information Technology, Life Sciences and Medical Diagnostics. Furthermore, each primary product is divided into several different kinds of functional products. For instance, Diagnostic & Clinical includes diagnostic imaging, clinical products and home health. The diagram below shows the other three primary parts of its product market. (Dineen, 2010) As we can see from the diagram, with different kinds of medical products GE Healthcare targets on not only the high-end market but also the low-end market. Therefore, it is able to take up more market share than its competitors. GE Healthcare is a medical equipment manufacturer, so its customer is more likely to be medical retailers rather than individual consumers. Customer value is related to quality, service, cost and lead time, so medical retailers want high-quality products, good service, low cost and short lead time. GE Healthcare improves its quality by reducing medical errors, enhancing diagnostic and remote monitoring and its quality level raised 15% from 2008 to 2010. (Dineen, 2010) Its products have been widely praised by medical retailers. Besides, â€Å"According to the 2010 ServiceTrak Imaging survey for PET systems, GE Healthcare has received a No.1 ranking in overall service performance in IMV’s annual ServiceTrak survey.† (GE Healthcare, 2010) This shows that GE Healthcare provides excellent service to its customers. In addition, the base cost of GE Healthcare decreased by 7% from 2008 which is $5.7 billion to 2009 which is $5.3 billion. (Dineen, 2010) The company is able to reduce its costs while maintaining profit. Thus, medical retailers get price reduction from GE Healthcare. For the purpose of shorting lead time, GE Healthcare optimizes its manufacturing supply chain constantly and keeps efficiency at a high level. So retailers receive products from GE more shortly than before. Among many medical equipment manufacturers, GE Healthcare’s main competitors are Johnson&Johnson, Siemens Medical Solutions and Philips Medical System. After looking for their common qualifiers, I find that these companies all possess strong financial support, advanced production lines, successful manufacturing supply chains, talent pools and mature innovation teams. For example, â€Å"in May 2009, General Electric announced that over the next six years it would spend $3 billion to create at least 100 health-care innovations that would substantially lower costs, increase access, and improve quality.† (Immelt etal, 2009, p.3) So we can regard these factors as market qualifiers in the medical equipment manufacturing field. Compared to other companies, GE Healthcare has its own unique ways to win business—order winners. The GE company has an in-depth understanding of end-user requirements and can also respond them efficiently. Besides, it optimizes its production line by means of leveraging products with the different prices and feature points required by the market. The GE company enhances its supply chain by optimizing packing, delivery, manufacturing and other value-added services. (GE Healthcare, 2008) It also invests in growth geographies and innovates disruptive technologies. These beneficial ways make a great contribution for GE Healthcare to winning business. GE Healthcare manufacturing supply chain consists of several processes. First of all, the company selects high quality raw materials around world. Secondly, before being used in biomedical applications, raw materials which are altered need a synthesis process. Thirdly, many individual components of different medical equipments are produced by using raw materials. This process requires specialized skills and procedures. Fourthly, components are shipped to different functional assembly point and finished products are ready to go here. Finally, after being packaged and sterilized, medical equipments are shipped to distributions or consumers. (Gevaert, 2009, p.5) Though GE Healthcare holds a successful manufacturing supply chain, it is still facing pressures. As consumers prefer to buy high-quality medical devices with less money, GE Healthcare has to cut down costs in supply chain while producing high-quality products. When GE buys raw materials, it takes much more time to look for cheap ones with high quality and purity than before. This results in increasing lead time directly. In order to enhance quality to meet consumers’ needs, GE has to use more specialized and skilled workers or more advanced machines in manufacturing. But this conflicts with its purpose of reducing costs. Besides, in the competition with other companies, GE has to make its supply chain more efficient and faster continuously and this is very difficult to achieve. Bibliography: Dineen,J.(2010). Healthymagination Investor Update. Lecture presented as part of GE Healthcare meeting,24/06/2010. GE Healthcare.(2008). 2008 European Cardiology Information Systems Product Line Leadership of the Year Award Recipient. GE Healthcare.(2010). You can’t put a number on trust. But IMV can. GE Healthcare.(2012). About GE Healthcare[online] Available at: http://www.gehealthcare.com/eueu/msabout/msabout.html [Accessed 13/11/12] Gevaert,M.(2009). Upstate South California’s Medical Device Cluster. New California, p.5. Immelt,J,R.Govindarajan,V. and Trimble,C.(2009). Harvard Business Review. How GE Is Disrupting Itself, p.3. Zeithaml, V.A.(1988). Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: A means-end model and synthesis of evidence. Journal of Marketing 52, p.14.

About Bandipur National Park Tourism Essay

About Bandipur National Park Tourism Essay About Bandipur National Park The Bandipur National Park, one of the first Tiger Reserves of India, is situated amidst the gigantic Western Ghat Mountains in Karnataka State, at the foothills of the Nilgiris (eucalyptus). This National Park spreads into the neighboring states Tamil Nadu and Kerala and is called the Mudumalai National Park. An astonishing variety of flora and fauna can be found here due to a moderate climate and diverse geographical condition. Sprawling over 860 sq km in area, the Bandipur National Park is very famous in Asia for its huge elephant herds. A very good internal network of roads meanders through its hilly terrains and breath-taking forested landscape. Wildlife viewing becomes an awe-inspiring experience at the many water bodies and salt lakes. Fauna Of Bandipur National Park Wild life abounds in plenty at the park, the rare Tiger being the main attraction. Elephants, Leopards, Bison, Chital, Sambar, Barking Deer, Mouse Deer, Sloth Beer, Black Napped Hare, Wild dog, Langur, Indian Giant Red Squirrel, Bonnet Macaque, 4 Horned Antelope, Porcupines, Slender Loris, Jungle Cat, Rusty Spotted Cat, Leopard Cat, Small Indian Civet, Palm Civet, Otter, Jackal, Wild Boar are just a few of   the other inhabitants. Avian Residents: The Park is also very rich in avi-fauna. Bird watchers would be delighted to spot Shaheen Falcons, Serpent Eagles, Crested Hawk Eagles, Gray Headed Firhings, Ospreys, Honey Buzzards, Malabar Pied Hornbills, King Vultures, Hill Mynas, Malabar Trogon, Gray Partridges, Black Woodpeckers, Paradise Flycatchers, Indian Pittas, Cormorants, Flora Of The Park The thick vegetation is watered by the Nagu, Kabini, Mule-hole and Moyar rivers criss-crossing the entire park which include trees like Honne, Sandalwood, Teak, Tadasalu, Mathi, Rosewood, Nandi, Bamboo, Nelli, Kooli, Dindalu, Kadu Tega, Randia and Bende. Stunted trees, interspersed with bushes and open grassy land can also be found on the eastern slopes. Added Attractio n Of Bandipur Elephant and Jeep Safaris: A quiet Jeep safari can leave you with an invigorating experience of watching wild animals at close quarters. Bird watchers can opt for Elephant safari as it is an absolutely noiseless way to be at close proximity to animals. Other places of interest are the 3 other reserves of Nagarhole, Mudumalai and Wayanad, the famous Vrindavan Gardens and Shrirangapatna fort of Tipu Sultan. Hot summer months can find people getting away to the enchanting hill towns of Ooty and Wellington. Best Season To Visit The park is open from the May to February. The best season to visit the park would be from May to July or in the months of September and October. Warm but comfortable for most of the year, winter from October to January might find the temperature falling to about 16 °C. June to September is the monsoon season. How To Reach Bandipur National Park By Railways: Nearest railway station is at Nanjangud town (55 km) and Mysore (80 km). By Airways: Ne arest airport at Bangalore (220 kms). By Roadways: Drive from Bangalore to Mysore and then take the Mysore-Ooty highway via Nanjangud and Gundlupet from where the park is just a half an hour drive.

AWAKENINGS (19541956) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

AWAKENINGS (19541956) - Assignment Example No. And this answer reveals embedded racial prejudice and discrimination that only a widespread civil rights movement can dismantle. 3. Till’s family had Emmett’s casket opened during his funeral and allowed Jet magazine and the Chicago Defender to publish images of Till’s body, so that the world saw his atrocious injuries. These actions revealed the brutality he underwent before he died, which signified the intense brutality and insanity of racism. 1. The interaction between Till and the white woman exposed deep-seated prejudice that the social system taught against blacks. Till’s actions led to such violence, because prejudiced whites believed that they were superior and so no blacks were allowed to interact with their women. 2. Jones knew that white men lynch black people, because of their prejudice and discrimination. He must have learned this through how people speak about and react to blacks. These rules were enforced when white men either perform discrimination, or when blacks stay back and keep mum, when white people lynch or harm blacks. 3. The police and the justice system should have protected the vulnerable. When these institutions cannot be trusted, blacks either avoided conflict with white people, or they protected themselves using their own force. 1. I think Mamie Till-Mobley decided to publicize her son’s mutilated body, because she wanted to show the world that racism is so perverse and widespread in America that a child like Emmett would suffer viciously from it. She must have wanted to use this image of her son to wake up both blacks and whites about the vicious reality of racism in their society. 2. The black press’s role in exposing the violence of Jim Crow system is to publish facts as they are, without any need for sensationalism. The mainstream press was reluctant of showing Till’s photos, because they were afraid of the chilling effect it created on blacks

Ethical issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Ethical issues - Essay Example This principle is considerate of the existing laws in a society with the aim of ensuring harmonious coexistence among members of a society. An ethical decision under ethical formalism would therefore be focused on the motive behind an act. Utilitarianism, another ethical principal in judgment, focuses, on the contrary, to the consequences of an act as opposed to the intention of the defendant. This principle goes beyond an individual defendant to consider the effects of the defendant’s actions on the society. Based on the principle, decisions should be made with considerations of future impacts of the case on the society with preference being to ensure maximum happiness among every member of the society (Pollock, 2011). The case involves two defendants suspected of burglary. Utilitarianism will be the most suitable ethical principle in this scenario. This is because the defendants are a possible threat to the society and the impact of their suspected crime together with their future existence in the society is more significant as compared to their intentions for committing the alleged crime and during

Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Discussion Questions - Essay Example Therefore, the id drives the individual towards making decision that will satisfy their need. For instance when one feels that they need drugs but they have to undertake a certain duty, then drugs will come first. However if the individual does not take the drugs the feeling will still remain there until they take the drug. The ego is the executive of personality as it mediates between the urgent urges of the id and the demands from the superego as stated by Rasmussen (32). For instance when one desires to use drugs the ego will intervene to make the individual know whether it is the right time to take the drugs. Therefore, the ego functions according to the reality principle hence it delays the immediate satisfaction until the appropriate time. Therefore, in the event of the urge to take drugs the ego will suppress that feeling until the right time. The superego embodies the ideals and principles of society as they are conveyed by what parents do and say. Within the superego, the conscience arises hence its role is to block the unacceptable urges by the society as stated by Sullivan (24). For instance when one feels like abusing drugs, the superego reminds the individual that the habit is not allowed and thus suppresses the feeling. This model aims at imparting information about drugs taking the assumption that children and adolescent will keep away from drugs after understanding their prospective risks. It also makes the assumption that the information will lead to students to developing negative attitude that will prevent them from abusing drugs. In brief the model speculates a casual series leading from knowledge (n drugs) to attitude change (negative) then to behavior change (non use) according to Abadinsky (226). The model seeks to shape personality. It centers on the person rather than the drugs and it assumes that young people with high self esteem can not abuse drugs. It also